Lipoprotein (a) variability is associated with mean follow-up C-reactive protein in patients with coronary artery disease following percutaneous coronary intervention

doi:10.12998/wjcc.v10.i35.12909

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World Journal of Clinical Cases

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World J Clin Cases. Dec 16, 2022; 10(35): 12909-12919
Published online Dec 16, 2022. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i35.12909

Table 1 Baseline characteristics

		Follow-up lp (a) CV
Parameter	Overall, n = 2712	< 0.22, n = 1388	≥ 0.22, n = 1324	P value
Demographics
Age, yr	64.0 (58.0, 72.0)	64.0 (58.0, 72.0)	64.0 (57.0, 72.0)	0.593
Male, n (%)	1957 (72.2)	982 (70.7)	975 (73.6)	0.102
BMI, kg/m²	24.7 (22.7, 26.1)	24.6 (22.6, 26.1)	24.7 (22.8, 26.2)	0.191
Current smoking, n (%)	710 (26.2)	337 (24.3)	373 (28.2)	0.024^a
Diabetes, n (%)	692 (25.5)	327 (23.6)	365 (27.6)	0.019^a
Hypertension, n (%)	1727 (63.7)	869 (62.6)	858 (64.8)	0.251
Previous PCI, n (%)	172 (6.3)	92 (6.6)	80 (6.0)	0.584
Laboratory measurements
Average TC level, mmol/L	3.67 (3.23, 4.18)	3.67 (3.24, 4.16)	3.67 (3.21, 4.19)	0.737
Average LDL-C level, mmol/L	1.80 (1.50, 2.18)	1.80 (1.49, 2.17)	1.79 (1.50, 2.18)	0.968
Average HDL-C level, mmol/L	1.00 (0.86, 1.18)	1.03 (0.88, 1.20)	0.98 (0.84, 1.15)	< 0.001^a
Average TG level, mmol/L	1.34 (1.04, 1.83)	1.32 (1.02, 1.75)	1.37 (1.06, 1.91)	0.002^a
Average CRP level, mg/L	1.52 (0.80, 2.83)	1.40 (0.72, 2.60)	1.65 (0.87, 3.00)	< 0.001^a
Average WBC level, × 10⁹/L	6.38 (5.51, 7.25)	6.30 (5.46, 7.25)	6.43 (5.55, 7.26)	0.089
Average lp (a) level, mg/dL	14.00 (7.32, 34.90)	16.70 (7.16, 45.81)	12.52 (7.36, 25.48)	< 0.001^a
Lp (a) SD	3.38 (1.61, 7.49)	2.19 (0.95, 5.40)	4.55 (2.61, 9.16)	< 0.001^a
Lp (a) CV	0.22 (0.14, 0.32)	0.14 (0.10, 0.18)	0.32 (0.26, 0.43)	< 0.001^a
Lp (a) VIM	0.17 (0.13, 0.23)	0.13 (0.10, 0.15)	0.24 (0.20, 0.29)	< 0.001^a
Medication, n (%)
Statin	2675 (98.6)	1379 (99.4)	1296 (97.9)	0.002^a
Ezetimibe	451 (16.6)	218 (15.7)	233 (17.6)	0.204
ACEI or ARB	1588 (58.6)	776 (55.9)	812 (61.3)	0.005^a
Beta blocker	1639 (60.4)	823 (59.3)	816 (61.6)	0.228

^aP < 0.05. Data are presented as the median (interquartile range) or numbers (proportions). ACEI: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: Angiotensin receptor antagonist; BMI: Body mass index; CRP: C-reactive protein; CV: Coefficient of variation; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Lp (a): indicates lipoprotein (a); PCI: Percutaneous coronary intervention; SD: Standard deviation; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglyceride; VIM: Variability independent of the mean; WBC: White blood cell.

Table 2 Association of lp (a) standard deviation with average C-reactive protein level in linear regression

Parameter	Univariable analysis^b		Multivariable analysis
Parameter	β coefficient (95%CI)	P value	β coefficient (95%CI)	P value
Lp (a) SD	0.020 (0.010, 0.029)	< 0.001	0.023 (0.009, 0.037)	0.001^a
Average lp (a) level, mg/dL	0.002 (0.000, 0.004)	0.059	-0.002 (-0.005, 0.001)	0.183
Age in yr	0.026 (0.020, 0.031)	< 0.001	0.030 (0.025, 0.036)	< 0.001^a
Male	-0.017 (-0.152, 0.119)	0.811
Diabetes	0.312 (0.173, 0.451)	< 0.001	0.201 (0.062, 0.340)	0.005^a
Hypertension	0.314 (0.188, 0.440)	< 0.001	0.133 (0.003, 0.263)	0.045^a
BMI, kg/m²	0.029 (0.009, 0.049)	0.004	0.028 (0.008, 0.048)	0.007^a
Current smoking	0.104 (-0.034, 0.242)	0.139
Average LDL-C level, mmol/L	0.215 (0.117, 0.312)	< 0.001	0.200 (0.098, 0.301)	< 0.001^a
Average WBC count, × 10⁹/L	0.256 (0.207, 0.304)	< 0.001	0.264 (0.216, 0.312)	< 0.001^a
Previous PCI	0.041 (-0.208, 0.291)	0.744
Statin	-0.662 (-1.186, 0.139)	-0.013	-0.706 (-1.229, 0.183)	-0.008^a
Ezetimibe	-0.202 (-0.365, 0.039)	-0.015	-0.334 (-0.497, -0.170)	< 0.001^a

^aP < 0.05.

^bPredictors with P < 0.10 in univariable linear regression analysis were entered into the subsequent multivariable linear regression analysis. BMI: Body mass index; CI: Confidence interval; CRP: C-reactive protein; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Lp (a): Lipoprotein (a); PCI: Percutaneous coronary intervention; SD: Standard deviation; WBC: White blood cell.

Table 3 Association of lp (a) coefficient of variation with average C-reactive protein level in linear regression

	Univariable analysis^b		Multivariable analysis
	β coefficient (95%CI)	P value	β coefficient (95%CI)	P value
Lp (a) CV	0.961 (0.588, 1.334)	< 0.001	0.929 (0.554, 1.304)	< 0.001^a
Average lp (a) level, mg/dL	0.002 (0.000, 0.004)	0.059	0.003 (0.001, 0.005)	0.013^a
Age in yr	0.026 (0.020, 0.031)	< 0.001	0.031 (0.025, 0.036)	< 0.001^a
Male	-0.017 (-0.152, 0.119)	0.811
Diabetes	0.312 (0.173, 0.451)	< 0.001	0.201 (0.062, 0.340)	0.005^a
Hypertension	0.314 (0.188, 0.440)	< 0.001	0.123 (-0.007, 0.253)	0.064
BMI, kg/m²	0.029 (0.009, 0.049)	0.004	0.028 (0.008, 0.048)	0.006^a
Current smoking	0.104 (-0.034, 0.242)	0.139
Average LDL-C level, mmol/L	0.215 (0.117, 0.312)	< 0.001	0.200 (0.099, 0.301)	< 0.001^a
Average WBC count, × 10⁹/L	0.256 (0.207, 0.304)	< 0.001	0.261 (0.214, 0.309)	< 0.001^a
Previous PCI	0.041 (-0.208, 0.291)	0.744
Statin	-0.662 (-1.186, 0.139)	-0.013	-0.653 (-1.175, 0.130)	-0.014^a
Ezetimibe	-0.202 (-0.365, 0.039)	-0.015	-0.329 (-0.493, -0.166)	< 0.001^a

^aP < 0.05.

^bPredictors with P < 0.10 in univariable linear regression analysis were entered into the subsequent multivariable linear regression analysis. BMI: Body mass index; CI: Confidence interval; CRP: C-reactive protein; CV: Coefficient of variation; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Lp (a): Lipoprotein (a); PCI: Percutaneous coronary intervention; WBC: White blood cell.

Table 4 Association of lp (a) variability independent of the mean with average C-reactive protein level in linear regression

	Univariable analysis^b		Multivariable analysis
	β coefficient (95%CI)	P value	β coefficient (95%CI)	P value
Lp (a) VIM	1.692 (1.026, 2.359)	< 0.001	1.648 (0.977, 2.320)	< 0.001^a
Average lp (a) level, mg/dL	0.002 (0.000, 0.004)	0.059	0.003 (0.001, 0.005)	0.013^a
Age in yr	0.026 (0.020, 0.031)	< 0.001	0.031 (0.025, 0.037)	< 0.001^a
Male	-0.017 (-0.152, 0.119)	0.811
Diabetes	0.312 (0.173, 0.451)	< 0.001	0.201 (0.062, 0.340)	0.005^a
Hypertension	0.314 (0.188, 0.440)	< 0.001	0.124 (-0.006, 0.254)	0.062
BMI, kg/m²	0.029 (0.009, 0.049)	0.004	0.028 (0.008, 0.048)	0.006^a
Current smoking	0.104 (-0.034, 0.242)	0.139
Average LDL-C level, mmol/L	0.215 (0.117, 0.312)	< 0.001	0.200 (0.099, 0.301)	< 0.001^a
Average WBC count, × 10⁹/L	0.256 (0.207, 0.304)	< 0.001	0.261 (0.213, 0.309)	< 0.001^a
Previous PCI	0.041 (-0.208, 0.291)	0.744
Statin	-0.662 (-1.186, 0.139)	-0.013	-0.655 (-1.177, 0.132)	-0.014^a
Ezetimibe	-0.202 (-0.365, 0.039)	-0.015	-0.331 (-0.494, -0.167)	< 0.001^a

^aP < 0.05.

^bPredictors with P < 0.10 in univariable linear regression analysis were entered into the subsequent multivariable linear regression analysis. BMI: Body mass index; CI: Confidence interval; CRP: C-reactive protein; LDL-C: Low density lipoprotein cholesterol; Lp (a): Lipoprotein (a); PCI: Percutaneous coronary intervention; VIM: Variability independent of the mean; WBC: White blood cell.

Citation: Zhang SS, Hu WY, Li YJ, Yu J, Sang S, Alsalman ZM, Xie DQ. Lipoprotein (a) variability is associated with mean follow-up C-reactive protein in patients with coronary artery disease following percutaneous coronary intervention. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10(35): 12909-12919
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2307-8960/full/v10/i35/12909.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v10.i35.12909