Gastrointestinal manifestations of systemic sclerosis: An updated review

Table 1 Distribution of the main gastrointestinal manifestations in systemic sclerosis (modified from references 14 and 16)

Compromised organ(s)	Percentage of compromise	Clinical manifestations
Oral cavity and oropharynx	30%-70%	Microstomia, xerostomia, odontogenic pathology, squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue, dysfunction of the temporomandibular joint, oropharyngeal dysphagia
Esophagus	80%-90%	Esophageal dysphagia, chest pain, heartburn, regurgitation
Stomach	25%-50%	Gastroparesis, antral gastric vascular ectasia
Small intestine	60%-80%	Dysmotility, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction, cystic intestinal pneumatosis, diverticula
Colon	20%-50%	Dysmotility, decreased gastro-colic reflex, constipation, perforation, diverticula
Rectum and anus	50%-70%	Fecal incontinence, defecatory disorder, rectal prolapse