Xenogeneic stem cell transplantation: Research progress and clinical prospects

Table 1 Therapeutic potential of xenogeneic stem cells in various experimental disease models

Source	Clinical condition/experimental animal model used	Observations	Ref.
Porcine ADSC	Acute-on-chronic liver failure/rabbit	Improved the liver function and prolonged their survival time	[12]
Porcine MSCs	Acute myocardial infarction/immunodeficient mouse	Promoted functional improvement in the infarcted heart most likely resulting from the paracrine effects	[13]
Baboon hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells	Nonobese diabetic/severe combined immune-deficient mouse	Provide stable multilineage repopulation and differentiation into all blood cell types	[14]
NHP hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells	Mouse	Reconstituted the bone marrow stem cell niche	[11]
Macaca cynomolgus iPSC-derived hematopoietic cells	Immunodeficient mouse	Yielded hematopoietic engraftment in a cytokine-stimulation protocol	[15]
Rabbit umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells	Bilateral cranial defects/immunocompetent rat	Promoted osteogenesis by secreting BMP2 and inhibiting the inflammatory reaction	[9]
Sheep BMSCs	Ectopic implantation/immunocompromised mouse	Extensive bone formation	[58]
Ovine MSCs	Ectopic implantation/immunocompromised mouse	Ectopic osteogenesis, adipogenesis and haematopoietic-support activity (with a ceramic HA/TCP carrier); partial chondrogenesis (within a gelatin sponge)	[45]
Porcine NPCs	Intravenous pentylenetetrazole seizure threshold test/rat	Widespread migration and inhibitory interneurons	[55]
Porcine ESCs	Spinal cord injury rat	Functional recovery of hindlimbs and exhibition of the highest BBB scale score	[27]
Pig embryonic neural precursor cells	Parkinson’s disease/ Macaca fascicularis	Long-term xenograft survival and differentiation; significant improvement of locomotor activity	[54]
Porcine neural stem/precursor cells	Parkinson’s disease/rat	Exhibited large and healthy grafts; improvement in recovery neurological function and survival	[29]
Miniature-swine neural stem cells	Parkinson’s disease/rat	Functional recovery from Parkinson’s disease behavioral defects; the graft revealed multiple types of neurons	[18]
Porcine UCMSC	Parkinson’s disease/rat	Engrafted and proliferated without immune rejection; differentiated into TH-positive cells	[28]

ADSC: Adipose-derived stem cell; MSCs: Mesenchymal stem cells; NHP: Nordic hamstring protocol; iPSC: Induced pluripotent stem cells; BMP2: Bone morphogenetic protein 2; BMSCs: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells; HA/TCP: Hydroxyapatite/beta-tricalcium-phosphate; NPCs: Nucleus pulposus cells; ESCs: Embryonic stem cells; BBB: Blood-brain barrier; UCMSC: Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell.