Gut microbiota and nutrient interactions with skin in psoriasis: A comprehensive review of animal and human studies

Table 1 Synthesis of psoriasis risk factors reporting reference number, first author surname, year of publication, population risk factors reported in each study and the type of psoriasis

Ref.	Year	Studied population	Psoriasis risk factors	Type of psoriasis
Barrea et al[29]	2016	Human	Obesity	Not specified
Kanemaru et al[68]	2015	Animal - Mice	Obesity	Psoriasiform dermatitis
Dauden et al[30]	2018	Human	Metabolic disorders	Not specified
Barrea et al[31]	2017	Human	Reduction vitamin D	Not specified
Lin et al[56]	2016	Human	Oxidative stress	Not specified
Yang et al[67]	2018	Animal - Mice	12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate administration	Psoriasis-like skin lesions
Ottman et al[70]	2012	Human	Beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections	Guttate psoriasis
Zeng et al[71]	2017	Human	Staphylococcus aureus, Malassezia and Candida albicans infections	Not specified
Alekseyenko et al[72]	2013	Human	Corynebacterium, Propionibacterium, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus infections	Psoriatic plaques
Baker et al[73]	2006	Human	Higher numbers of peptidoglycan-containing cells	Guttate and chronic plaques
Oliveira Mde et al[75]	2015	Human	Inflammatory bowel disease (i.e., Crohn’s disease)	Not specified
Scher et al[76]	2015	Human	Significant reduction in Akkermansia, Ruminococcus, and Pseudobutyrivibrio in gut microbiota	Psoriasic arthritis
Tan et al[85]	2018	Human	Reduction of Coprococcus species and Akkermansia muciniphila in gut microbiota	Psoriatic arthritis

Table 2 Synthesis of psoriasis proposed treatments including reporting reference number, first author surname, year of publication, population risk factors reported in each study and the type of psoriasis

Ref.	Year	Study type	Studied population	Proposed treatment	Type of psoriasis
Barrea et al[32], Phan et al[33]	2015, 2018	Cohort	Human	Dietary antioxidants (omega 3 polyunsatured fatty acids derived from fish oil, vitamin B12, vitamin D and selenium)	Not specified
Subbiah et al[55]	2010	Review	-	Low-energy diets, vegetarian diets, formula diet weight loss programs, gluten-free or very low-calorie carbohydrate-free diet	Not specified
Subbiah et al[55], Lin et al[85]	2010, 2016	Review	-	Dietary antioxidants: Vitamins (A, E and C), and oligo-elements (iron, copper, manganese, zinc, and selenium)	Not specified
Murzaku et al[61], Upala et al[62], Morken et al[63]	2014, 2017, 2011	Review, systematic review, pilot study	Human	Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids	Not specified
Yang et al[67]	2018	RCT	Animal – mice	Nobiletin (Nob) and 5-hydroxy-6,7,8,3′,4′-pentamethoxyflavone (5-HPMF)	Not specified
Arbiser et al[69]	2017	RCT	Animal - mice	Topical administration of solenopsin analogs	Not specified
Gueniche et al[77]	2014	RCT	Human	Oral supplementation with the probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei	Not specified
Eppinga et al[78]	2014	Review	-	Th17, TNF-α and IL-22 inhibitors	Psoriatic arthritis
Castelino et al[79]	2014	Review	-	Transplant of fecal microbiome	Psoriatic arthritis

RCT: Randomized controlled trial; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; IL: Interleukin 1.