Relationship between glycemic variability and cognitive function in lacune patients with type 2 diabetes

Table 1 Comparison of clinical data regarding lacune burden

Variables	Low load group	High load group	Statistical parameters	P value
Age [M (P25, P75), yr]	66 (57, 73)	70 (63, 76)	-1.632	0.105
Gender (Male/Female)	51/43	28/22	0.040a	0.841
Fasting blood glucose [M (P25, P75), mmol/L]	5.42 (4.94, 6.18)	5.6 (5.01, 7.33)	-1.154	0.249
TG [M (P25, P75), mmol/L]	1.6 (1.23, 1.88)	1.55 (1.36, 1.86)	-0.520	0.603
TC (mean ± SD, mmol/L)	3.88 ± 0.9	3.69 ± 1.11	1.054b	0.295
HDL-C (mean ± SD, mmol/L)	1.63 ± 0.78	1.85 ± 1.07	-1.276b	0.206
LDL-C (mean ± SD, mmol/L)	2.25 ± 0.66	2.11 ± 0.8	1.168b	0.245
HbA1c [M (P25, P75), %]	8.20 (7.12, 9.66)	8.99 (7.48, 9.90)	-1.452	0.147
Hcy [M (P25, P75) umol/L]	10.6 (8.33, 13.57)	11 (9.17, 13.93)	-0.913	0.361
CRP [M (P25, P75) mg/L]	2.35 (0.8, 4.3)	2.98 (1.1, 5.9)	-1.408	0.159
History of hypertension (n, %)	30 (31.9%)	24 (48%)	3.603a	0.058
History of coronary heart disease (n, %)	20 (21.3%)	14 (28%)	0.818a	0.366
Smoking history (n, %)	16 (17%)	11 (22%)	0.531a	0.466
Drinking history (n, %)	17 (18.1%)	12 (24%)	0.710a	0.399
BMI (mean ± SD, mmol/L)	24.78 ± 2.82	25.27 ± 2.29	-1.065b	0.289
SD (mean ± SD, mmol/L)	2.79 ± 0.37	3.15 ± 0.57	-3.949b	< 0.001
%CV (mean ± SD, %)	25.74 ± 4.1	31.02 ± 5.94	-5.615b	< 0.001
LAGE [M (P25, P75), mmol/L)]	9.94 (6.16, 12.27)	10.38 (6.79, 13.33)	-0.89	0.373
TIR [M (P25, P75), %)]	59.95 (49.18, 72.64)	43.2 (35.3, 51.24)	6.682	< 0.001

^aRepresents the χ² value.

^bRepresents the t value, and the remaining test statistic values are the Z value. TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglyceride; HDL-C: High density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin; Hcy: Homocysteine; CRP: C-reactive protein; BMI: Body Mass Index; SD: Standard deviation; %CV: Percentage coefficient of variation; LAGE: The largest amplitude of glucose; TIR: Time in range.

Table 2 Comparison of blood glucose variability indicators in different cognitive function groups

Group	Number	SD	%CV	LAGE	TIR
Cognitive dysfunction	37	3.15 ± 0.53	31.28 ± 5.38	10.35 (6.51, 13.49)	47.04 (37.61, 53.52)
Normal cognitive function	107	2.84 ± 0.44	26.29 ± 4.83	10.01 (6.34, 12.27)	56.02 (45.78, 69.46)
Statistical parameters		-3.513	-5.254	-0.738	3.825
P value		< 0.001	< 0.001	0.461	< 0.001

SD: Standard deviation; %CV: Percentage coefficient of variation; LAGE: The largest amplitude of glucose; TIR: Time in range.

Table 3 Multivariate logistic regression analysis of the influencing factors on infarct burden in patients with lacunes complicated with type 2 diabetes mellitus

	β	SD	Wald	P value	OR	95%Cl
SD	1.269	0.526	2.412	0.016	3.558	[1.268, 9.978]
%CV	0.176	0.05	3.527	< 0.001	1.192	[1.081, 1.315]
TIR	-0.129	0.028	-4.648	< 0.001	0.874	[0.833, 0.928]

SD: Standard deviation; %CV: Percentage coefficient of variation; TIR: Time in range.

Table 4 Multivariate logistic regression analysis of the influencing factors on cognitive impairment in patients with lacunes complicated with type 2 diabetes mellitus

	β	SD	Wald	P value	OR	95%CI
SD	0.919	0.465	1.976	0.048	2.506	[1.008, 6.230]
%CV	0.151	0.045	3.365	0.001	1.163	[1.065, 1.270]
TIR	-0.044	0.019	-2.253	0.024	0.957	[0.922, 0.994]

SD: Standard deviation; %CV: Percentage coefficient of variation; TIR: Time in range.