Healthy neonate born to a SARS-CoV-2 infected woman: A case report and review of literature

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a newly discovered coronavirus that has generated a worldwide outbreak of infections. Many people with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) have developed severe illness, and a significant number have died. However, little is known regarding infection by the novel virus in pregnant women. We herein present a case of COVID-19 confirmed in a woman delivering a neonate who was negative for SARS-CoV-2 and related it to a review of the literature on pregnant women and human coronavirus infections.

CASE SUMMARY

The patient was a 36-year-old pregnant woman in her third trimester who had developed progressive clinical symptoms when she was confirmed as infected with SARS-CoV-2. Given the potential risks for both the pregnant woman and the fetus, an emergency cesarean section was performed, and the baby and his mother were separately quarantined and cared for. As a result, the baby currently shows no signs of SARS-CoV-2 infection (his lower respiratory tract samples were negative for the virus), while the mother completely recovered from COVID-19.

CONCLUSION

Although we presented a single case, the successful result is of great significance for pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection and with respect to fully understanding novel coronavirus pneumonia.

Key Words: Novel coronavirus pneumonia, SARS-CoV-2, Pregnant woman, Neonate, Case report

Core Tip: We achieved successful outcomes for both the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infected mother and the neonate. Even though this is a single successful case, the identification, diagnosis, clinical course, and management are of significance for understanding the clinical manifestation, transmission, and related risks among special populations due to the ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease-2019 pneumonia.

INTRODUCTION

Since the first reports of pneumonia cases caused by a new coronavirus were confirmed in Wuhan, China in December 2019[1] the disease has erupted and proliferated across China and around the world as a pandemic in a relatively short time[2].

The pathogen isolated from clinical samples during this outbreak was a new species of coronavirus similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)[3], and it is now officially labeled SARS-CoV-2[4]. It is known that this novel coronavirus can infect various animals and humans[3,5,6], and most individuals exhibit mild, self-limited, upper respiratory tract syndromes. Similar to two members of this viral family-SARS[7] and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)[8], the novel coronavirus can cause fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Some serious cases manifested severe pneumonia, respiratory failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), cardiac injury, and even life-threatening outcomes[1,9-11].

Given that most coronaviruses have zoonotic origins, SARS-CoV-2 is most likely derived from wild animals, and common cross-species infections and periodic spillover events may explain the sporadic emergence in humans. Epidemiologic data indicate that spreading of the new coronavirus among the human population is primarily through respiratory tract droplets as well as close contact[9,12]. It is unknown whether aerosols and the digestive tract are two other paths of transmission. The incubation period for SARS-CoV-2 is estimated to be between 3 d and 7 d[13].

Early observations suggested that the new mutant virus could infect individuals of all ages, with the elderly and individuals with chronic diseases developing serious conditions and even dying[3,9]. Therefore, it is imperative that certain groups, such as pregnant women and those with underlying risks, be given greater attention. Previous studies have reported that pregnancy in women infected by the other two coronavirus, SARS and MERS, was associated with adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes[14-26]. Therefore, we wished to investigate whether the same situation existed for SARS-CoV-2.

Herein, we present the clinical course of the first cohort of live births from pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2 at 36 wk of gestation in Wenzhou, China. This report specifically describes the clinical characteristics, diagnosis, clinical process, and neonatal outcomes of the first case of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy confirmed in China.

CASE PRESENTATION

Chief complaints

A 36-year-old pregnant woman (G3P1) at 34 4/7 wk of gestation returned to Wenzhou from Wuhan on January 20, 2020. Due to her residence history in Wuhan, she was asked to self-quarantine at home. She revealed that she had run a business in Hubei Province, but said that she had not visited the Huanan Seafood wholesale market in Wuhan, which is where most experts believe the coronavirus infected humans.

History of present illness

On January 30, 2020, 9 d after returning to Wenzhou, the woman at 36 wk of pregnancy was hospitalized in the Yueqing People’s Hospital because of the emergence of a dry cough and fever.

History of past illness

No history of past illness.

Personal and family history

No personal and family history.

Physical examination

The patient did not exhibit chest pain, shortness of breath, or coarse rales in either lung. Physical examination was as follows: a temperature of 38.5 °C, a pulse rate of 104 beats/min, a respiratory rate of 20 breaths/min, and a blood pressure of 101/76 mm of Hg.

Laboratory examinations

Laboratory examination showed low lymphocyte counts and elevated concentrations of C-reactive protein (Table 1).

Table 1 The patient’s clinical laboratory examination results on January 30.

Measure	Reference range	Patient
White blood cell count (per microliter)	4000-10000	8130
Absolute lymphocyte count (per microliter)	800-4500	510
Proportion of neutrophils (%)	50.0-70.0	90.7
Proportion of lymphocytes (%)	20.0-45.0	6.3
Random glucose (mmol/L)	4.40-6.70	11.55
Triglyceride (mmol/L)	0.60-1.70	2.73
Fibrinogen concentration (g/L)	2.00-4.00	6.24
Activated partial thromboplastin time (s)	28.0-43.5	46.0
Procalcitonin (ng/mL)	0-0.5	0.5
C reactive protein (mg/L)	0-5.0	80.2
Alkaline phosphatase (U/L)	30-162	113
Alanine aminotransferase (U/L)	0-55	30
D-dimer (mg/liter)	0-0.5	1.2
Analysis of blood gas
PCO2	35.0-45.0	27.1
pH	7.35-7.45	7.41
PO2	80.0-100.0	91.2
BE	± 3	-6
Toxoplasma antibody IgG		Positive
Mycoplasma pneumoniae antibody IgG (AU/mL)	0-36.0	86.6
Rubella antibody IgG		Positive
Toxoplasma antibody IgG		Positive

Imaging examinations

Computed tomography (CT) examination indicated that both lungs possessed multiple patchy, ground-glass-like fuzzy shadows that were primarily distributed under the pleurae (multifocal ground-glass opacities bilaterally, especially in the apical posterior segment of the left-upper lobe) (Figure 1A and 1B).

Figure 1 Transverse and coronal chest computed tomography of the woman. A and B: Images were examined on January 30, 2020 showing bilateral multifocal ground-glass opacity were visible in the basal segment of the lower lobe (arrows); C and D: Images were performed on February 2, 2020 showing progressive ground glass opacities in bilateral basilar lungs (arrows).

FINAL DIAGNOSIS

In view of her residence in Hubei Province, SARS-CoV-2 infection was suspected. The differential diagnosis excluded the likelihood of influenza A, influenza B, respiratory syncytial virus, or adenovirus infections. SARS-CoV-2 was ultimately confirmed in oropharyngeal swab samples taken from the pregnant woman.

TREATMENT

Given the unknown risks for SARS-CoV-2 infection of the fetus (and with the fetus approaching full term), an emergency cesarean section was performed on January 31, 2020. The delivered male neonate weighed 2500 g with Apgar scores of 9 and 10 at 1 min and 5 min, respectively. After delivery, the baby and his mother were managed and cared for separately.

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

Chest X-ray of the neonate showed no abnormalities (Figure 2). Lower respiratory tract samples from the newborn were collected on February 2, 4, and 6 of 2020; all of the three tests were negative for SARS-CoV-2. A CT scan on the second day after cesarean section showed progressive ground-glass opacities in both lungs of the mother (Figure 1C and 1D). On February 6, 2020, the woman was positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA by oropharyngeal samples. Although they were negative on February 23, 2020, the patient remained in hospital isolation. However, she was afebrile and showed stable vital signs.

Figure 2 Posteroanterior chest radiograph, January 31, 2020. No thoracic abnormality was noted.

DISCUSSION

SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus that was first identified in late December of 2019 in Wuhan, China[1]. SARS-CoV-2 infections have now resulted in a worldwide pandemic and global public health emergency[2]. The virus generally infects people of all ages, which includes the pregnant population. The most important questions regarding pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection are whether the virus adversely affects subsequent maternal health and perinatal developmental processes.

We know of only two publications on pregnant groups with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The newborns from the first study were negative for SARS-CoV-2, but showed adverse neonatal outcomes[27], and the other study reported a neonate confirmed with coronavirus disease-2019 who possessed mild symptoms and showed a favorable prognosis[28].

As a newly discovered virus, there are not enough data currently available on SARS-CoV-2 causing disease in pregnant individuals. However, we can draw lessons from the pathogenesis observed in pregnant women, which can be attributed to the other members of the coronavirus family. Seven human coronaviruses (HCoVs) have been identified, including two α-CoV members (HCoV-229E and HCoVNL63) and five β-CoV members (HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and now SARS-CoV-2)[1,29].

With PubMed as our primary search database, we examined the literature for the other six HCoVs (HCoV-229E, HCoVNL63, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV) with respect to infections in pregnant women and found 17 publications from 1989 to February 25, 2020 relating to the topic (we assume that some of the same patients were likely involved in more than 1 article). Nevertheless, as summarized in Table 2, 26 SARS-CoV-infected patients from six publications demonstrated that SARS coronavirus infection was associated with severe maternal conditions, maternal death, spontaneous abortion, and preterm deliveries[13,15-18]. Similarly, a cohort study from Hong Kong revealed that the clinical outcomes among pregnant women with SARS-CoV infection were worse than in infected women who were not pregnant[21].

Table 2 Summary of reports on pregnancies associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome infection.

Ref.	SS	Nationality	GAAI (wk)	ICUA	Maternal comorbid conditions	Maternal outcome	Fetal outcome	Delivery details	Journal
Wong et al[14], 2004	12	Hong Kong	First trimester 7; Second trimester 3; Third trimester 2	Unknown	Oligohydramnios and fetal growth restriction 2	Died 3; Survived 9	Survived 5; Ongoing pregnancy 2	Spontaneous miscarriage 4; Induced labor 2; Preterm 4; Ongoing 2	American J Obstet Gynecol
Shek et al[15], 2003	5	Hong Kong	Unknown	Yes 4; Unknown 1	Unknown	Died 2; Survived 2; Unknown 1	Survived 5	Preterm 4; Term 1	Pediatrics
Robertson et al[16], 2004	1	United States	Second trimester	Yes	Gestational diabetes	Survived	Survived	Term	Emerg Infect Dis
Stockman et al[17], 2004	1	United States	First trimester	No	Premature rupture of membranes	Survived	Survived	Delivery at 36 wks gestation	Emerg Infect Dis
Yudin et al[18], 2005	1	Canada	Third trimester	No	No	Survived	Survived	Term	Obstet. Gynecol
Wang et al[19], 2004	6	China	Second trimester 2; Third trimester 4	Unknown	Premature rupture of membranes 1; Nephrotic syndrome	Survived 6	Survived 7; Died 1	Preterm 3; Term 4	Chin J Perinat Med

SS: Sample size; GAAI: Gestational age at infection; ICUA: Intensive care unit admission.

Regarding MERS-CoV infection, Table 3 depicts eleven reported cases from six publications involving pregnancy; of these cases, ten women had negative perinatal outcomes, with six (54%) neonates requiring intensive care unit admission, and three (27%) dying during their hospitalizations[22-26]. The other four human coronavirus members merely elicit common colds. Fortunately, even if the majority of the related literature constitutes possible cases, there were no signs of vertical transmission identified between pregnant women and their corresponding neonates[29,30].

Table 3 Summary of pregnancies associated with Middle East respiratory syndrome infection.

Ref.	SS	Nationality	GAAI (wk)	ICUA	Maternal comorbid conditions	Maternal outcome	Fetal outcome	Delivery details	Journal
Memish et al[21], 2019	2	Saudi	First trimester 1; Second trimester 1	No	Hypertension 1	Survived	Survived 2	Term 2	J Microbiol, Immunol Infect
Assiri et al[22], 2016	5	Saudi	Second trimester 3; Third trimester 2	Yes 5	Preeclampsia 1; Asthma pulmonary fibrosis 1	Survived 3; Died 2	Died 2; Survived 3	Intrauterine fetal death at 34 wk 1; Preterm 1; Term 3	Clin Infect Dis
Payne et al[23], 2015	1	Jordanian	Second trimester	No	None	Survived	Still birth	Still birth at 5 mo	J Infect Dis
Malik et al[24], 2016	1	United Arab Emirates	Third trimester	Yes	None	Died	Survived	Caesarean section at 32 wk	Emerg Infect Dis
Jeong et al[25], 2017	1	South Korean	Third trimester	No	Gestational diabetes	Survived	Survived	Term	J Korean Med Sci
Alserehi et al[26], 2016	1	Saudi	Third trimester	Yes	Hypothyroidism	Survived	Survived	Caesarean section at 32 wk	BMC Infect Dis

Note: SS: Sample size; GAAI: Gestational age at infection; ICUA: Intensive care unit admission.

It has been reported that SARS-CoV-2 is closely related molecularly to SARS-CoV, with a 79.5% nucleotide sequence identity[3,5]. Additionally, the novel virus shares the same cell-binding receptor-angiotensin-converting enzyme 2[31] with SARS-CoV, which is a key step in the pathogenic invasion of cells. SARS-CoV-2, like SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, also leads to severe acute respiratory illness associated with a high mortality risk[32,33]. Combining the aforementioned presentations, one can reasonably conclude that adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes will likely emerge in pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2.

In contrast to the adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes resulting from SARS or MERS infections, we achieved beneficial results for both the SARS-CoV-2 infected mother and the neonate. Importantly, due to her Wuhan-residence history and results of her CT scan, the patient was suspected of being infected with SARS-CoV-2, promptly isolated, and the related medical staffs and workers took protective measures to prevent themselves from infection. The results of nucleic acid testing then further confirmed our suspicions. Subsequently, given the confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection, her worsening clinical presentations, and the possible risks for both the pregnant woman and fetus, an emergency cesarean section was performed under negative pressure. In addition, the baby and his mother were separately quarantined and cared for after delivery. While still hospitalized, the patient became seronegative for SARS-CoV-2 and went into recovery with stable vital signs. Although the baby was healthy and did not show any signs of SARS-CoV-2 infection after three examinations of his lower respiratory tract samples, assessing the risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection and coronavirus disease-2019 COVID-19 in pregnant women and their fetuses cannot be based solely on the success of one case.

Because it is a newly discovered coronavirus, there are currently no antiviral therapies or vaccines for SARS-CoV-2, and therefore, good medical care (primarily supportive treatments) may be the mainstay of management in the near term. Early observations revealed that the elderly and those with chronic diseases were prone to bearing the greatest burden of the disease, which may be due to the low immunocompetence of these individuals[11]. For this reason, the outcomes of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients depend on their own immunities to an extent.

Similarly, physiologic adaptations of the respiratory tract and immune system that occur during pregnancy increase susceptibilities to pulmonary infections[34,35]. Moreover, specific humoral and cell-mediated immunologic functions are inhibited during pregnancy, making pregnant women more susceptible to viral infection. Hence the severity of viral pneumonia during pregnancy is closely associated with these normal immune changes. Such hypotheses can be confirmed by previous epidemiologic data from other viruses, and the risks for developing viral pneumonia among pregnant women are significantly higher than for other general populations. Pregnant women infected with SARS appeared to have worse clinical manifestations and a higher fatality rate compared with nongravid women[21]. Viral pneumonias resulting from influenza-A, virus H1N1, and SARS have also all contributed to elevated rates of maternal mortality, stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, and preterm delivery[36]. Although there is no direct evidence that infection with this new coronavirus results in severe maternal or perinatal outcomes, we need to continue to be vigilant to prevent this from occurring.

In addition, there are other aspects that may also contribute to a poor prognosis in pregnant women. A preliminary study revealed that SARS-CoV generally became transmissible after fever, so that fever was defined as a key marker to track. In contrast, current data indicate that the transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 occurs throughout the entire infectious period-including asymptomatic, mild, and treatment courses[12]. Also, it is conceivable that pregnant women are unknowingly and unpredictably exposed to infectious environments, and thus, the only way for them to remain safe is to distance themselves from the external milieu until after the basic reproductive ratio (R₀) falls below 1.

Because our current understanding of the clinical features of SARS-CoV-2 infection is largely confined to severe pneumonia, respiratory failure, ARDS, cardiac injury, and fatal outcomes, diagnosis protocols on the basis of these case pneumonias may bias reporting toward more severe outcomes. However, the initial presentations of mild cough and fever in the progression of SARS-CoV-2 infection are not specific and cannot be clinically distinguished from other common infectious diseases. This may also lead SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals with low immunity to miss the timing of appropriate treatment(s). The effectiveness of some antiviral drugs is occasionally based only on the success of a few severe cases. Thus, when antiviral drugs are applied to pregnant patients, we need to carefully balance the efficacy and safety for both the mother and fetus. Our patient was fortunate to receive a favorable prognosis. Accordingly, the key steps in preventing the spread of the epidemic and allowing for potentially poor outcomes are to identify individuals at high risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This allows for prompt isolation and subsequent laboratory confirmation of infection as well as for admission of the confirmed cases for further assessment and appropriate treatment[10].

CONCLUSION

We achieved successful outcomes for both the SARS-CoV-2-infected mother and the neonate. Given the ongoing outbreak of COVID-19 pneumonia (although here only a single case), the identification, diagnosis, clinical course, management, and especially the positive outcomes are of significance for understanding the clinical manifestation, transmission, and related risks among special populations.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors are very grateful to all personnel of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Yueqing People’s Hospital for their work in caring for and managing the patient and her baby.