Endoscopic surgery for intraventricular hemorrhage: A comparative study and single center surgical experience

Figure 1 The structure and procedure of endoscopic surgery for intraventricular hemorrhage. A: The structure of the KARL STORZ high resolution ventriculoscope system (provided by KARL STORZ Co. Ltd.); B: A representative image showing how to pull out the clot by advancing through the working channel using forceps; C: Representative images of head computed tomography in the endoscopic group before and after surgery.

Figure 2 Representative head computed tomography images in the endoscopic and non-endoscopic groups. The upper and middle panels show images from patients in the endoscopic group. The lower panel shows images from the non-endoscopic group. Three time points are shown, including before surgery, two days after surgery, and one week after surgery.

Figure 3 The endoscopic surgery group showed better clinical outcomes than the non-endoscopic group. A: The change of the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score in the endoscopic group after surgery. n = 43. A two-tailed paired t-test was performed; B: The comparison in the GCS score between the endoscopic group and non-endoscopic group before surgery. Endoscopic group, n = 43; Non-endoscopic group, n = 53. The Kruskal–Wallis test was performed; C: The comparison of the drainage tube indwelling time between the endoscopic group and non-endoscopic group before surgery. Endoscopic group, n = 43; Non-endoscopic group, n = 53. The Kruskal–Wallis test was performed; D: The operation time in the endoscopic and non-endoscopic groups. Endoscopic group, n = 43; Non-endoscopic group, n = 53. The Kruskal–Wallis test was performed; E: The clearance rate of hematoma in the endoscopic and non-endoscopic groups. Endoscopic group, n = 43; Non-endoscopic group, n = 53. The Kruskal–Wallis test was performed; F: The change of the GCS score in the non-endoscopic group after surgery. n = 53. A two-tailed paired t-test was performed; G: The comparison of the GCS score between the endoscopic group and non-endoscopic group after surgery. Endoscopic group, n = 43; Non-endoscopic group, n = 53. The Kruskal–Wallis test was performed; H: The comparison of the Graeb score between the endoscopic group and non-endoscopic group after surgery. Endoscopic group, n = 43; Non-endoscopic group, n = 53. The Kruskal–Wallis test was performed. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01, ^cP < 0.001; P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Two-tailed unpaired t-tests were performed.