Gorti H, Samo S, Shahnavaz N, Qayed E. Distal esophageal spasm: Update on diagnosis and management in the era of high-resolution manometry. World J Clin Cases 2020; 8(6): 1026-1032 [PMID: 32258073 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i6.1026]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Emad Qayed, MD, MPH, FACG, Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, 49 Jesse Hill Junior Drive, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States. eqayed@emory.edu
Research Domain of This Article
Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Article-Type of This Article
Minireviews
Open-Access Policy of This Article
This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Harika Gorti, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veteran Affairs Medical Center and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
Salih Samo, Nikrad Shahnavaz, Emad Qayed, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
Author contributions: Gorti H and Samo S contributed equally to this work; Gorti H and Samo S drafted and revised the manuscript; Shahnavaz N and Qayed E reviewed and revised the manuscript; all authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Conflict-of-interest statement: Authors declare no conflict of interests for this article.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Emad Qayed, MD, MPH, FACG, Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, 49 Jesse Hill Junior Drive, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States. eqayed@emory.edu
Received: December 20, 2019 Peer-review started: December 20, 2019 First decision: January 7, 2020 Revised: January 15, 2020 Accepted: March 5, 2020 Article in press: March 5, 2020 Published online: March 26, 2020 Processing time: 96 Days and 23.2 Hours
Core Tip
Core tip: Distal esophageal spasm (DES) is an esophageal motor disorder that is diagnosed using high-resolution manometry and is classified as a major motility disorder in the Chicago classification of esophageal motility disorder. While the criteria for diagnosis have been revised overtime to achieve a homogenous clinical entity, presentation of DES continues to be heterogenous. This has led to the usage of multiple pharmacological treatment options such as nitrates, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and tricyclic antidepressants, often resulting in poor symptom management. DES pathophysiology falls within the spectrum of spastic motility disorders, and it may represent a stage in the process of evolution to achalasia, more likely type 3. Patients who have continued symptoms despite medical management might benefit from endoscopic procedures such as botulinum injection and peroral endoscopic myotomy.
