Published online Nov 6, 2021. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i31.9607
Peer-review started: April 29, 2021
First decision: July 15, 2021
Revised: July 28, 2021
Accepted: September 10, 2021
Article in press: September 10, 2021
Published online: November 6, 2021
T-lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LBL), a neoplasm of immature T-cell precursors or lymphoblasts, is a clinically aggressive disease. In general, patients with T-LBL have a poor prognosis and often have high-risk clinical features, such as mediastinal masses, central nervous system infiltration, or other indications of high tumor burden; however, extensive thrombi are not common.
A 27-year-old woman presented to the Department of General Surgery with cervical lymph node enlargement accompanied by cough, wheezing, and palpitation for 3 mo. A complete blood count showed a white blood cell count of 1.6 × 109/L, a hemoglobin concentration of 135 g/L, and a platelet count of 175 × 109/L. A biopsy sample of the lymph node mass indicated T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma, and the bone marrow immunophenotype indicated early T-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ETP-ALL). Abdominal and chest enhanced computed tomography showed thrombi in the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, right hepatic vein, azygos vein, and right atrium. The ultrasonic cardiogram showed a thrombus in the right atrium of 5.23 cm × 4.21 cm. The patient was first treated with low-dose dexamethasone and low-molecular-weight heparin followed by 2 cycles of chemotherapy. Then, the ultrasonic cardiogram showed that thrombus in the right atrium had disappeared and the patient had achieved complete cytological remission. The maintenance therapy of the patient included chidamide 30 mg/wk, and she survived for 6 mo.
The incidence of venous thromboembolism is high in lymphoma; however, extensive thrombi with heart thrombosis is rare. Chemotherapy is the major method of treatment for lymphoma with thrombosis. We successfully treated a patient with T-LBL complicated by extensive thrombi, including a large right atrial thrombus, with combined chemotherapy containing liposomal doxorubicin, and the patient achieved complete remission. Maintenance therapy with chidamide was also effective.
Core Tip: T-lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LBL), a neoplasm of immature T-cell precursors or lymphoblasts, is a clinically aggressive disease. We present herein, a rare case of T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma with extensive thrombi and cardiac thrombosis. This case highlights the ultimate importance of monitoring changes in embolus size and whether the embolus falls off during the treatment to avoid potentially serious multi-organ thrombosis complications. In addition, this case also confirmed that pegylated liposomal doxorubicin and chidamide are safe and effective in the treatment of T-LBL/leukemia.