Neurotransmitters regulate β cells insulin secretion: A neglected factor

Abstract

β cells are the main cells responsible for the hypoglycemic function of pancreatic islets, and the insulin secreted by these cells is the only hormone that lowers blood glucose levels in the human body. β cells are regulated by various factors, among which neurotransmitters make an important contribution. This paper discusses the effects of neurotransmitters secreted by various sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves on β cells and summarizes the mechanisms by which various neurotransmitters regulate insulin secretion. Many neurotransmitters do not have a single source and are not only released from nerve terminals but also synthesized by β cells themselves, allowing them to synergistically regulate insulin secretion. Almost all of these neurotransmitters depend on the presence of glucose to function, and their actions are mostly related to the Ca²⁺ and cAMP concentrations. Although neurotransmitters have been extensively studied, many of their mechanisms remain unclear and require further exploration by researchers.

Keywords: β cells; Insulin secretion; Neurology; Type 2 diabetes; Islet

Core Tip: β-Cells are the only islet cells in the body that release insulin, and the neurotransmitter is an important factor in regulating insulin secretion. This review systematically describes the release sources of different neurotransmitters and their effects on insulin secretion. There are common mechanisms among different neurotransmitters, which mainly involve neuroanatomy and blood glucose homeostasis in vivo. There are great differences among different species. Although many specific mechanisms remain to be explored, this review provides a certain reference value and direction for subsequent research.