Preventive and inhibitive effects of Yiwei Xiaoyu granules on the development and progression of spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia lesions

Figure 1 Immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of trefoil factor 2. A: Representative immunohistochemistry images of trefoil factor 2 in normal controls and spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (× 200, × 400). B: The expression of trefoil factor 2 in spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia is much higher than that in normal controls (^bP < 0.01). TFF2: Trefoil factor 2; SPEM: Spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia.

Figure 2 Representative immunofluorescence images of clusterin. A: The expression of clusterin in normal controls and spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia by immunofluorescence (green: clusterin). B: The expression of clusterin in spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia is much higher than that in normal controls (^bP < 0.01). SPEM: Spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia.

Figure 3 Immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of Ki67. A: Representative immunohistochemistry images of Ki67 in normal controls and spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM) (200 ×, 400 ×). B: The expression of Ki67 in spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia is much higher than that in normal controls (^bP < 0.01). SPEM: Spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia.

Figure 4 Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of microRNA-7 expression in spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia and normal controls. The expression of microRNA-7 was downregulated in spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia compared to in normal controls. SPEM: Spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia; Mir-7: MicroRNA-7.

Figure 5 Representative fluorescence in situ hybridization images of microRNA-7 and trefoil factor 2 of human gastric mucosa (green: microRNA-7; red: trefoil factor 2; blue: DAPI). TFF2: Trefoil factor 2; SPEM: Spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia; miR-7: MicroRNA-7.

Figure 6 Expression of Ki67 in normal murine gastric mucosa and spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia models. A: The expression of Ki67 was higher in the spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia model than that in the normal control. B: Yiwei Xiaoyu granules had higher proliferative inhibition ability than spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia models (^aP < 0.05, ^cP < 0.001). YWXY-L: Low dose of Yiwei Xiaoyu granules; YWXY-H: High dose of Yiwei Xiaoyu granules.

Figure 7 Expression of microRNA-7 and trefoil factor 2 in the murine gastric mucosa with Yiwei Xiaoyu granule administration. A: The expression of microRNA-7 for the spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia mice model was restored with Yiwei Xiaoyu Granules (YWXY) administration (green: microRNA-7). B: The expression of trefoil factor 2 for the spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia mice model was downregulated with Yiwei Xiaoyu administration. YWXY-H: High dose of Yiwei Xiaoyu granules; YWXY-L: Low dose of Yiwei Xiaoyu granules; TFF2: Trefoil factor 2; miR-7: MicroRNA-7.

Figure 8 Yiwei Xiaoyu Granules administration could restore the expression of microRNA-7 by regulating trefoil factor 2 as measured by immunofluorescence but not reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. A: The expression of trefoil factor 2 in the model group was much higher than that in the control (P < 0.001). Intervening with Yiwei Xiaoyu granules (YWXY) could decrease the expression of trefoil factor 2 compared to the model (^cP < 0.001 in Yiwei Xiaoyu-High, ^aP < 0.05 in Yiwei Xiaoyu-Low); B: There was no difference in the relative mRNA expression of trefoil factor 2 in different groups by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. YWXY-H: High dose of Yiwei Xiaoyu Granules; YWXY-L: Low dose of Yiwei Xiaoyu Granules; TFF2: Trefoil factor 2; NS: Not significant.

Figure 9 The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-β was restored with Yiwei Xiaoyu granule administration in the spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia lesions. A: The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-β was upregulated with Yiwei Xiaoyu granules administration by immunohistochemistry measurement. B: Statistical differences existed between the control and the model (^bP < 0.01). YWXY-H: High dose of Yiwei Xiaoyu Granules; YWXY-L: Low dose of Yiwei Xiaoyu Granules; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor.

Figure 10  The expression of gastric intrinsic factor was restored with Yiwei Xiaoyu Granules administration in the spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia lesions. A: The expression of gastric intrinsic factor was upregulated with Yiwei Xiaoyu Granules administration by immunohistochemistry. B: Statistics differences existed between the control and the model (^aP < 0.05, ^cP < 0.001). YWXY: Yiwei Xiaoyu Granules; YWXY-H: High dose of Yiwei Xiaoyu Granules; YWXY-L: Low dose of Yiwei Xiaoyu Granules; GIF: Gastric intrinsic factor.