Brief Article
Copyright ©2012 Baishideng. All rights reserved.
World J Gastrointest Oncol. Jun 15, 2012; 4(6): 138-144
Published online Jun 15, 2012. doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v4.i6.138
DNA methylation patterns in alcoholics and family controls
Manish Thapar, Jonathan Covault, Victor Hesselbrock, Herbert L Bonkovsky
Manish Thapar, Herbert L Bonkovsky, Department of Medicine, The University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, United States
Manish Thapar, Herbert L Bonkovsky, The Liver-Biliary-Pancreatic Center, The University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, United States
Jonathan Covault, Victor Hesselbrock, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, United States
Jonathan Covault, Victor Hesselbrock, The Alcohol Research Center, The University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, United States
Herbert L Bonkovsky, The Liver-Biliary-Pancreatic Center, Carolinas Medical Center, Suite 201, Cannon Research Center, 1542 Garden Terrace, Charlotte, NC 28203, United States
Author contributions: All authors designed the research; Thapar M, Covault J and Bonkovsky HL performed the research; Covault J contributed analytical tools; all authors analyzed the data and wrote the paper.
Supported by (in part) Grants from The American College of Gastroenterology (to Bonkovsky HL and Thapar M); NIH/NIAAA P60-AA003510 (to Hesselbrock V and Covault J); NIH/NIAAA U10-008401 (to Hesselbrock V); NCRR M01RR006192; NIH/NIDDK 5R01 DK 38825 (to Bonkovsky HL)
Correspondence to: Herbert L Bonkovsky, MD, Professor, Director, The Liver-Biliary-Pancreatic Center, Carolinas Medical Center, Suite 201, Cannon Research Center, 1542 Garden Terrace; Charlotte, NC 28203, United States. herbert.bonkovsky@carolinashealthcare.org
Telephone: +1-704-3553959  Fax: +1-704-3557648
Received: December 23, 2011
Revised: May 16, 2012
Accepted: May 21, 2012
Published online: June 15, 2012
Abstract

AIM: To assess whether DNA methylation patterns in chronic alcoholics are different from non-alcoholic sibling controls.

METHODS: We examined the methylation patterns in DNA samples from 25 chronic alcoholics and 22 matched siblings as controls (one per family). DNA was extracted from peripheral blood and analyzed for differences in the methylation patterns after bisulfite-conversion. We used the Illumina GoldenGate Methylation Cancer Panel I (Illumina, San Diego, CA), which probes the methylation profile at 1505 CpG sites from 807 cancer related genes. We excluded the 84 X-chromosome CpG sites and 134 autosomal CpG sites that failed to show a within sample reliability score of at least 95% for all samples, leaving 1287 autosomal CpG sites (associated with 743 autosomal genes) with reliable signals for all samples. A methylation score was calculated as the average methylation for the 1287 CpG sites examined. Differences were assessed by a two-sample t-test. We also examined the average sib pair differences in methylation scores at each of the 1287 sites. All analyses were performed using SPSS, version 9.0, P < 0.05 was considered significant.

RESULTS: Methylation levels at the 1287 CpG sites averaged 28.2% for both alcoholics and controls. The mean difference in methylation scores between alcoholic and non-alcoholic sibs by CpG site was < 1% with small inter-individual variances; and only 5 CpG sites had an average sib difference > 5%. Subgroup analysis showed that methylation scores were significantly lower for the alcoholic-dependent subjects who smoked compared to their non-smoking unaffected siblings. Specifically, among smokers who are alcoholic, global methylation indices were significantly lower than in non-alcoholic sib controls, whereas among non-smoking alcoholics, the global indices were significantly higher (P = 0.008).

CONCLUSION: Although we observed no effect of alcoholism alone on DNA methylation, there is a decrease in alcoholics who smoke, suggesting a mechanism for alcohol-tobacco synergy for carcinogenesis.

Keywords: DNA methylation; Alcohol; Epigenetics; Cancer; Carcinogenesis; Smoking; Cigarettes; Tobacco