Published online May 15, 2019. doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v11.i5.377
Peer-review started: November 20, 2018
First decision: December 7, 2018
Revised: December 17, 2018
Accepted: January 3, 2019
Article in press: January 4, 2019
Published online: May 15, 2019
Processing time: 176 Days and 20.7 Hours
Qingjie Fuzheng granules (QFGs) are part of a traditional Chinese medicine formula, which has been widely used and found to be clinically effective with few side effects in various cancer treatments, including colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the precise mechanisms and molecular signaling pathways involved in the activity of QFGs’ anticancer effect have not been reported in the literature. In this study, we hypothesized that QFGs can inhibit the growth of colorectal cancer cells, and that its mechanism is closely related to one or more intracellular signal transduction pathways.
To better evaluate the mechanism underlying the anti-cancer effect of QFGs on the CRC cell lines HCT-116 and HCT-8.
First, we measured cell viability and cytotoxicity by performing MTT and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays. We evaluated the role of QFGs in cell proliferation and apoptosis by assessing colony formation and analyzing Hoechst 33258 staining. Second, cell cycle and apoptosis rates were measured by fluorescence activated cell sorting, and the expression levels of survivin, cyclin D1, CDK4, p21, Bax, Bcl-2, Fas, FasL, and cleaved-caspase-3/-8/-9 were measured by performing western blots and caspase activity assays. Furthermore, inhibitors of caspase-3/-8/-9 were used to elucidate the specific apoptosis pathway induced by QFGs in cancer cells. Finally, activation of the PI3K/AKT and ERK signaling pathways was examined using the western blot assay to investigate the possible mechanism.
MTT and LDH assays revealed that after 0.5-2.0 mg/mL of QFGs treatment, cell viability was reduced by (6.90% ± 1.03%)–(59.70% ± 1.51%) (HCT-116; P < 0.05) and (5.56% ± 4.52%)–(49.44% ± 2.47%) (HCT-8; P < 0.05), and cytotoxicity was increased from 0.52 ± 0.023 to 0.77 ± 0.002 (HCT-116; P < 0.01) and from 0.56 ± 0.054 to 0.81 ± 0.044 (HCT-8; P < 0.01) compared with the non-QFGs treatment groups. Additionally, colony formation and Hoechst 33258 staining assays showed that QFGs inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in CRC cells. QFGs also increased the expression levels of Bax, Fas and FasL, decreased the level of Bcl-2, and stimulated the activation of caspase-3/-8/-9, which were revealed by western blot and caspase activity assays. In contrast, when adding the three caspase inhibitors, the suppression effect of QFGs on cell viability and apoptosis were markedly inhibited. Moreover, QFGs suppressed the phosphorylation levels of PI3K, AKT and ERK.
These results demonstrated that QFGs can inhibit CRC cell proliferation and induce apoptosis by suppressing the PI3K/AKT and ERK signaling pathways.
Core tip: To study the effect and mechanism of Qingjie Fuzheng granules (QFGs) on colorectal cancer (CRC) cells, we measured cell viability and cytotoxicity by performing MTT and LDH assays. We also evaluated the role of QFGs in cell proliferation by conducting colony formation, cell cycle and western blot assays. We evaluated the role of QFGs in cell apoptosis by assessing both Hoechst 33258 and Annexin-V/PI staining and performing western blot assays. Furthermore, the activation of PI3K/AKT and ERK signaling pathways was examined using the western blot assay to investigate the possible mechanism. All results demonstrated that QFGs inhibited CRC cell growth by suppressing the PI3K/AKT and ERK signaling pathways.