Minireviews
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2021. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
Artif Intell Gastroenterol. Aug 28, 2021; 2(4): 94-104
Published online Aug 28, 2021. doi: 10.35712/aig.v2.i4.94
Clinical use of augmented reality, mixed reality, three-dimensional-navigation and artificial intelligence in liver surgery
Roger Wahba, Michael N Thomas, Alexander C Bunck, Christiane J Bruns, Dirk L Stippel
Roger Wahba, Michael N Thomas, Christiane J Bruns, Dirk L Stippel, Department of General, Visceral, Cancer and Transplantation Surgery, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne 50937, Germany
Alexander C Bunck, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne 50937, Germany
Author contributions: Wahba R and Stippel DL designed the research study, performed the research; analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript; have read and approved the final manuscript; Thomas MN performed the research, wrote the manuscript; have read and approved the final manuscript; Bunck AC analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript; have read and approved the final manuscript; Bruns CJ designed the research study, has read and approved the final manuscript.
Conflict-of-interest statement: There is no conflict of interest.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Roger Wahba, MD, PhD, FEBS, Assistant Professor, Surgeon, Department of General, Visceral, Cancer and Transplantation Surgery, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, Cologne 50937, Germany. roger.wahba@uk-koeln.de
Received: April 9, 2021
Peer-review started: April 9, 2021
First decision: July 3, 2021
Revised: July 10, 2021
Accepted: August 27, 2021
Article in press: August 27, 2021
Published online: August 28, 2021
Processing time: 142 Days and 18.6 Hours
Core Tip

Core Tip: Virtual three-dimensional (3D)-reconstruction models from computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging scans of the liver might be helpful for visualization during liver surgery. Augmented reality, mixed reality and 3D-navigation could transfer such 3D-image data directly into the operation theater. Augmented reality and mixed reality have been shown to be feasible for the use in open and in minimally invasive liver surgery. 3D-navigation facilitated targeting of intraparenchymal lesions. Randomized controlled trials regarding clinical data or oncological outcome are not available. Up to now there is no intraoperative application of artificial intelligence in liver surgery. The usability of all these sophisticated image guidance tools has still not reached the grade of immersion which would be necessary for a widespread use in the daily surgical routine.