Helicobacter pylori and gastric cardia cancer: What do we know about their relationship?

Table 1 Gastric cardia cancer age-standardized incidence rates (per 100000) and Helicobacter pylori infection rates

Region1	Gastric cardia cancer		H. pylori infection rate (%)
	Males	Females	General population
Eastern/Southeastern Asia	8.7	2.4	58.1
Eastern Europe	4.7	1.4	62.8
Central/Southern America & Caribbean	4.0	1.3	63.4
Central Asia	3.8	1.7	79.5
Northern & Western Europe	3.7	1.0	37.2
Oceania	3.4	1.1	24.4
Southern Europe	3.3	0.9	55.0
Northern American	2.7	0.7	37.1
Northern Africa & Western Asia	2.5	1.2	76.92
Sub-Saharan Africa	0.2	0.1

¹Regions were based on the following UN geographical regions: Sub-Saharan Africa (including Eastern, Middle, Southern and Western Africa), Northern Africa and Western Asia, Central Asia (including India), Eastern and South-Eastern Asia (including China), Central/Southern America and the Caribbean, Northern America, Eastern Europe, Northern and Western Europe, Southern Europe and Oceania.

²Total H. pylori infection rate of Northern Africa, Western Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa. H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.