Association between celiac disease and vitiligo: A review of the literature

Table 1 Summary of studies reporting prevalence of celiac disease in vitiligo

Ref.	Country	Study design	Setting	Vitiligo, n (%)	CD prevalence (V + CD)	Vitiligo diagnosis	CD diagnosis
Shahmoradi et al[16], 2013	Iran	Case-control study	Hospital	64	3.1% (n = 2)	Medical records	Serology
Volta et al[20], 1997	Italy	Cross-sectional study	Hospital	198	0	NA	Serology and histology
Henker and Hartmann[24], 2019	Germany	Cross-sectional study	Hospital	176	2.8% (n = 5)	Medical records	Serology and histology
Seyhan et al[25], 2011	Turkey	Case-control study	Hospital	61	3.2% (n = 2)	NA	Serology and histology

CD: Celiac disease; NA: Not applicable.

Table 2 Summary of studies reporting prevalence of vitiligo in celiac disease

Ref.	Country	Study design	Setting	CD, n (%)	Vitiligo prevalence (V + CD)	Vitiligo diagnosis	Celiac disease diagnosis
Reunala et al[30], 1997	Finland	Cross-sectional study	Hospital	383	0	Medical records	Histology
Ertekin et al[18], 2009	Turkey	Cross-sectional study	Hospital	140	2.1% (n = 3)	Medical records	Serology and histology
Lancaster-Smith et al[26], 1974	United Kingdom	Cross-sectional study	Hospital	57	1.8% (n = 1)	Medical records	Serology and histology
Seyhan et al[19], 2007	Turkey	Cross-sectional study	Hospital	55	9.1% (n = 5)	Medical records	Serology and histology
Lebwohl et al[27], 2020	Sweden	Population-Based cohort study	Database	43300	0.24% (n = 106)	Medical records	Histology
Catassi et al[28], 1996	Italy	Cross-sectional study	School	82	1.2% (n = 1)	questionnaire survey	Serology and histology
Polanco[29], 2008	Spain	Cross-sectional study	Hospital	1010	0.4% (n = 4)	Medical records	Serology and histology

CD: Celiac disease; V: Vitiligo.

Table 3 Summary of the effect of gluten-free diet on vitiligo

Ref.	Country	Evidence type	Celiac disease diagnosis	Accompanied diseases	Measure of improvement	Time to dermatologicimprovement
Rodríguez-García et al[21], 2011	Spain	Case report	Diagnosis, method not described	None	Repigmentation of skin lesions	1 yr, continuous improvement for 3 yr
Khandalavala et al[31], 2014	United States	Case report	Serology and histology not done	None	Repigmentation of skin lesions	1 mo, continuous improvement for 3 mo
Amato et al[32], 2000	Italy	Case report	Serology	Dermatitis herpetiform	No response	NA
Karabudak et al[33], 2007	Turkey	Case report	Histology	Dermatitis herpetiform	No response	NA

NA: Not applicable