Association between COVID-19 and anxiety during social isolation: A systematic review

Table 1 Brief description of the articles selected in the literature review on associations between coronavirus disease 2019 and anxiety during the period of social isolation (n = 7)

Ref.	Location, year	Sample	Objective	Psychosometric Scales	Statistical analysis	Key results	Conclusion
Özdin and Bayrak Özdin[14], 2020	Turkey, 2020	343	To assess levels of depression, health anxiety in Turkish society during the COVID-19 pandemic and examine the factors that affect them.	Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; Health and Anxiety Inventor.	Logistic regression and multiple linear regression.	Risk factors for depression and anxiety, living in urban areas. Risk factor for depression, female, residing in urban areas and previous psychiatric illness.	The groups most affected psychologically by the pandemic are women, individuals with previous and current psychiatric illnesses, who living in urban areas, and those with a comorbid chronic disease
Lei et al[15], 2020	China, 2020	1.593	To evaluate and compare the prevalence and associated factors of anxiety and depression among the public affected and unaffected by quarantine during the COVID-19 outbreak	SAS; Self-assessment depression scale.	χ2 test and U Mann-Whitney test, and ANOVA	The most affected group, prone to have poor health and worrying about getting infected	The prevalence of anxiety and depression in the affected group is higher than the unaffected group, during the COVID-19 outbreak, with factors associated with serious material damage and low self-perceived health status
Lee[16], 2020	United States, 2020	775	To develop and evaluate the properties of a mental health screening scale that health professionals and researchers can readily use to identify likely cases of dysfunctional anxiety associated with coronavirus	Work and Social Adjustment Scale, adapted; CAS.	It was used to examine the construct validity and diagnostic viability of the coronavirus anxiety symptoms using a series of correlations and receiver operating characteristic analyses	The anxiety measured by CAS regarding Coronavirus was strong and positively correlated with functional incapacity, confrontation with alcohol or drugs, negative religious confrontation, extreme hopelessness, and passive suicidal ideation	The results support the CAS scale as an accurate diagnostic tool for mental health screening with strong classification characteristics, efficient and valid for research and clinical practice, and the first created to assess anxiety directly related to COVID-19
Yuan et al[17], 2020	China, 2020	939	To compare the emotional state, somatic responses, quality of sleep and behavior of people in Hubei province with non-endemic provinces in China for two weeks in February 2020	Stress Response Questionnaires; PSQI.	χ2 tests and ANOVA	Sleep disorders have increased significantly in people aged 18 to 24. COVID-19 anxiety was positively correlated with all somatic symptom signatures and the full scale score. The subscales of somatic symptoms were all highly and positively correlated, and the correlations with GAD were higher than for the COVID-19 anxiety score	There are levels of anxiety that affect quality of life during epidemics, including periods of population quarantine or self-isolation
Ahmed et al[18], 2020	China, 2020	1.074	To approach in literature Gap in psychological morbidity induced by the current COVID-19 epidemic also systematically reviews the prevalence of Political problems due to the prolonged confinement of itizens	Beck's Anxiety Inventory; Beck Depression Inventory II; Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; Warwick Edin-Scale	Descriptive statistics and χ2 test	There were significant differences in depression and alcohol abuse among respondents from different localities.Young people aged 21-40 are more vulnerable in terms of mental health and alcohol use, with the risk being six times higher among men	It has been exposed that simple infection does not cause psychological problems, but a social behaviour due to infection/illness. The prevalence of anxiety, depression and alcohol use due to isolation and widespread economic damage has made many people psychologically problematic
Moghanibashi-Mansourieh[19], 2020	Iran, 2020	10.754	To assess the level of anxiety of the general Iranian population during the outbreak of COVID-19	Depression Anxiety Stress Scales	They were analyzed by descriptive statistics (frequency distribution, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (χ2 tests, independent t-test and analysis of variance)	The level and severity of anxiety symptoms were significantly higher among people living in an area of high prevalence of COVID-19; higher among women in the age group 21 to 40; at a higher level of education; and among people who had at least one family member, relative or friend with the disease	The more people followed the news about the coronavirus, the more the level and severity of anxiety symptoms increased. Especially when a relative or close person died
Xiao et al[20], 2020	China, 2020	170	To Investigate the effects of social capital on sleep quality and the mechanisms involved in people who were isolated at home for 14 days in January 2020 during the COVID-19 epidemic in central China	Anxiety Scale Self-Rating Questionnaire; SASR; PSQI; Likert Scale	Path analysis, or multiple regression analysis, using Pearson correlation analysis (r) and structural equation modeling with a bootstrap number set as 5000 to test	Pearson's correlation analysis showed that the Personal Social Capital Scale 16 score for social capital was positively associated with the SAS score for anxiety, the SASR score for stress and the PSQI score for sleep quality. The SAS anxiety score for study participants was positively associated with the SASR stress score and the PSQI score for sleep quality	During a period of individual self-isolation in the COVID-19 virus epidemic, increased social capital improved sleep quality, reducing anxiety and stress

COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; SAS: Self-assessment Anxiety Scale; ANOVA: Analysis of variance; CAS: Coronavirus Anxiety Scale; PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; SASR: Stanford Acute Stress Reaction; PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.