Innate immunity – the hallmark of Helicobacter pylori infection in pediatric chronic gastritis

doi:10.12998/wjcc.v9.i23.6686

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World Journal of Clinical Cases

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Case Control Study

World J Clin Cases. Aug 16, 2021; 9(23): 6686-6697
Published online Aug 16, 2021. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i23.6686

Table 1 Demographic analysis of the two groups, n (%)

Parameters	Study group, n = 48	Control group, n = 107	P value
Age in yr	12.96 ± 3.83 (13.50)	12.09 ± 3.80 (12.00)	0.1987
Gender
Girls	29 (60.42)	62 (57.94)	0.7725
Boys	19 (39.58)	45 (42.06)	0.7725
Originating area
Urban	15 (31.25)	60 (56.07)	0.0042
Rural	33 (68.75)	47 (43.93)	0.0042
TLR9 rs352140
CT genotype	21 (43.75)	63 (58.88)	0.1075
TT genotype	16 (33.33)	20 (18.69)
CC genotype	11 (21.92)	24 (22.43)
Family history
Negative	47 (97.92)	106 (99.07)
Positive	1 (2.08)	0 (0.00)
Living conditions
Good	31 (64.59)	99 (92.52)	< 0.0001
Poor	17 (36,41)	8 (7.48)	< 0.0001
IgA anti-Helicobacter pylori
Positive	30 (62.50)	3 (2.80)	< 0.0001
Negative	17 (36, 41)	104 (97.20)	< 0.0001
Gastro-esophageal reflux
Present	9 (18.75)	25 (23.36)	0.6657
Absent	39 (81.25)	82 (76.64)	0.6657
Biliary reflux
Present	12 (25)	31 (28.97)	0.6096
Absent	36 (75)	76 (71.03)	0.6096
Rapid urease test
Positive	31 (64.58)	15 (15.01)	< 0.0001
Negative	17 (35.42)	91 (85.05)	< 0.0001

CC: Homozygous wild-type genotype; TT: Homozygous variant genotype.

Table 2 Laboratory parameters in the two groups

Parameters	Study group, n = 48, mean ± SD (median)	Control group, n = 107, mean ± SD (median)	P value
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	13.70 ± 1.848 (13.35)	13.45 ± 1.394 (13.50)	0.930
Leucocytes (10³/µL)	7.950 ± 2.312 (7.81)	7.133 ± 2.394 (6.69)	0.011
Lymphocytes (10³/µL)	2.486 ± 0.6978 (2.51)	2.461 ± 0.7779 (2.43)	0.593
Neutrophils (10³/µL)	4.455 ± 2.130 (3.925)	3.813 ± 2.222 (3.290)	0.028
Eosinophils (10³/µL)	0.2894 ± 0.4060 (0.13)	0.2188 ± 0.2932 (0.11)	0.368
ESR (mm/h)	11.19 ± 9.546 (9.00)	9.327 ± 7.504 (7.00)	0.172
Iron µmol/L)	15.60 ± 6.941 (14.61)	15.59 ± 7.060 (14.94)	0.893
AST (U/L)	20.82 ± 6.756 (19.55)	22.95 ± 11.07 (20.40)	0.291
ALT (U/L)	12.65 ± 3.960 (12.00)	15.48 ± 11.55 (13.10)	0.044
GGT (U/L)	11.40 ± 3.331 (11.00)	12.63 ± 4.308 (12.00)	0.053
NLR	2.031 ± 1.478 (1.485)	1.756 ± 1.349 (1.320)	0.154

AST: Alanine aminotransferase; ALT: Aspartate aminotransferase; AESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; NLR: Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, estimated significance value obtained from the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test.

Table 3 Correlations between TLR9 rs352140 polymorphism and laboratory parameters in the two groups

CC genotype of TLR9 rs 352140, n = 35	Study group, n = 11, mean ± SD (median)	Control group, n = 24, mean ± SD (median)	P value
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	14.17 ± 3.300 (13.10)	13.57 ± 1.600 (13.55)	0.900¹
Leucocytes (10³/µL)	9.076 ± 3.074 (9.76)	8.522 ± 2.787 (8.01)	0.557¹
Lymphocytes (10³/µL)	2.525 ± 0.6571 (2.500)	2.414 ± 0.844 (2.385)	0.704
Neutrophils (10³/µL)	5.600 ± 2.727 (5.72)	5.151 ± 2.967 (4.49)	0.709¹
Eosinophils (10³/µL)	0.1831 ± 0.1207 (0.18)	0.2246 ± 0.2376 (0.11)	0.844¹
ESR (mm/h)	15.64 ± 16.14 (11.00)	10.04 ± 11.13 (6.00)	0.225¹
Iron µmol/L)	17.35 ± 11.07 (12.52)	16.72 ± 8.777 (13.91)	0.872¹
AST (U/L)	22.43 ± 6.421 (20.80)	21.84 ± 6.481 (21.30)	0.803
ALT (U/L)	13.64 ± 4.125 (13.20)	14.16 ± 6.511 (12.60)	0.901¹
GGT (U/L)	11.64 ± 3.443 (11.00)	12.38 ± 2.667 (12.00)	0.169¹
NLR	2.374 ± 1.426 (1.660)	2.620 ± 2.150 (1.845)	0.859¹
CT genotype of TLR9 rs 352140, n = 84	Study group, n = 21, mean ± SD (median)	Control group, n = 63, mean ± SD (median)	P value
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	13.37 ± 1.001 (13.00)	13.49 ± 1.435 (13.70)	0.435¹
Leucocytes (10³/µL)	7.580 ± 2.331 (7.55)	6.826 ± 2.262 (6.64)	0.075¹
Lymphocytes (10³/µL)	2.545 ± 0.6196 (2.56)	2.546 ± 0.8016 (2.45)	0.713¹
Neutrophils (10³/µL)	4.032 ± 2.055 (3.85)	3.488 ± 1.898 (3.11)	0.253¹
Eosinophils (10³/µL)	0.272 ± 0.3047 (0.175)	0.218 ± 0.3075 (0.110)	0.332¹
ESR (mm/h)	10.48 ± 6.668 (9.00)	8.841 ± 5.995 (7.00)	0.288¹
Iron µmol/L)	14.84 ± 5.340 (15.00)	14.87 ± 5.832 (15.13)	0.985
AST (U/L)	19.22 ± 4.518 (19.50)	23.54 ± 13.10 (20.10)	0.174¹
ALT (U/L)	12.73 ± 3.659 (11.80)	15.93 ± 13.55 (13.10)	0.128¹
GGT (U/L)	11.10 ± 3.646 (11.00)	12.76 ± 4.950 (11.00)	0.094¹
NLR	1.664 ± 1.028 (1.330)	1.489 ± 0.8915 (1.300)	0.492¹
TT genotype of TLR9 rs 352140, n = 36	Study group, n = 16, mean ± SD (median)	Control group, n = 20, mean ± SD (median)	P value
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	13.80 ± 1.332 (13.50)	13.16 ± 0.9517 (13.20)	0.101
Leucocytes (10³/µL)	7.660 ± 1.410 (7.510)	6.434 ± 1.618 (6.045)	0.022
Lymphocytes (10³/µL)	2.383 ± 0.8418 (2.305)	2.254 ± 0.5870 (2.210)	0.590
Neutrophils (10³/µL)	4.221 ± 1.537 (3.865)	3.232 ± 1.472 (2.745)	0.029¹
Eosinophils (10³/µL)	0.3844 ± 0.5999 (0.110)	0.2145 ± 0.3203 (0.175)	0.786¹
ESR (mm/h)	9.063 ± 5.709 (8.50)	10.00 ± 6.720 (7.00)	0.747¹
Iron µmol/L)	15.39 ± 5.304 (14.45)	16.50 ± 8.347 (13.36)	0.646
AST (U/L)	21.82 ± 9.044 (20.25)	22.44 ± 8.341 (21.50)	0.831
ALT (U/L)	11.88 ± 4.311 (10.20)	15.65 ± 9.539 (13.35)	0.107¹
GGT (U/L)	11.63 ± 2.986 (11.00)	12.50 ± 3.846 (12.50)	0.642¹
NLR	2.276 ± 1.933 (1.555)	1.559 ± 0.8576 (1.130)	0.232¹

¹Mann-Whitney test.

ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; CC: Homozygous CC genotype of TLR9 rs352140 polymorphism; CT: Heterozygous CT genotype of TLR9 rs352140 polymorphism; ESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; NLR: Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio; TT: Homozygous TT genotype of TLR9 rs352140 polymorphism, estimated significance value obtained from non-parametric.

Citation: Meliț LE, Mărginean CO, Săsăran MO, Mocan S, Ghiga DV, Bogliş A, Duicu C. Innate immunity – the hallmark of Helicobacter pylori infection in pediatric chronic gastritis. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9(23): 6686-6697
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2307-8960/full/v9/i23/6686.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v9.i23.6686