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Copyright ©The Author(s) 2021.
World J Clin Cases. Aug 16, 2021; 9(23): 6674-6685
Published online Aug 16, 2021. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i23.6674
Table 1 Reported cases of acute acalculous cholecystitis due to infectious causes
Laboratory investigation
Infectious ACC
Ref.
Age (yr)
Sex
Immunocompromised
Pathogen
CCY
Stool culture
Blood culture
Bile culture
Serology
Histopathology1
Tissue PCR
IHC
Garrido-Benedicto et al[40], 199415M-Salmonella spp.-+NPNPNPNPNPNPPossible
Ruiz-Rebollo et al[41], 200827M-Salmonella enterica-+NPNPNPNPNPNPPossible
Khan et al[42], 200931M-Salmonella enterica-NP+NPNPNPNPNPPossible
Rajan et al[43], 201423F-Salmonella enterica+NP+NPNP+NPNPProbable
Lianos et al[44], 201932M-Salmonella enterica++NP+NPNPNPNPPossible
Mourani et al[9], 199468M-HAV+NPNPNP++NP+Proven
Suresh et al[45], 20092,5F-HAV-NPNPNP+NPNPNPPossible
Prashanth et al[46], 201212F-HAV-NPNPNP+NPNPNPPossible
Kaya et al[47], 201331F-HAV-NPNPNP+NPNPNPPossible
Hinnant et al[10], 198932MHIVCMV, Cryptosporidium spp.+NPNPNPNP+NPNPProven
Hinnant et al[10], 198944MHIVCMV, Cryptosporidium spp.++NPNPNP+NPNPProven
Riediger et al[11], 201360FRenal transplantationCMV+NPNPNP++NP+Proven
Agholi et al[12], 201625FCorticosteroid therapyCystoisospora belli++NPNPNP+NPNPProven
Agholi et al[12], 201635MHIVCystoisospora belli++NPNPNP++NPProven
Agholi et al[14], 201428FHIVSarcocystis spp. ++NPNPNP++NPProven
Zar et al[15], 200135MHIVCyclospora cayetanensis++NPNPNP+NP+Proven
Knapp et al[16], 199637MHIVEnterocytozoon bieneusi++NP+NP+NPNPProven
Shinha et al[17], 201538MHIVHistoplasma capsulatum+NPNP+NP+NPNPProven
Chen et al[18], 200836MHIVMycobacterium tuberculosis+NPNPNPNP+NPNPProven
Takeshita et al[20], 200664M-HBV+NPNPNP++NPNPProbable
Unal et al[48], 200949F-HBV-NPNP+NPNPNPNPPossible
Meier et al[22], 2005NANA-HCV+NPNPNPNP+NPNPProbable
Wright et al[49], 201933M-HCV+NPNPNP++NPNPProbable
Ono et al[23], 201854ΜLymphocytic leukemiaZika virus+NPNPNPNP++NPProven2
Guarner et al[24], 200129F-Leptospira+NPNPNP++NP+Proven
Guarner et al[24], 200160M-Leptospira+NPNPNP++NP+Proven
Walker et al[25], 198571F-Rickettsia rickettsii+NPNPNPNP+NP+Proven
Spernovasilis et al[50], 201754M-Rickettsia typhi-NPNPNP+NPNPNPPossible
Araki et al[28], 201770MImmunosuppressive agentsGiardia lamblia-+NPNPNPNPNPNPProven3
Colle et al[29], 200225F-Echinococcus granulosus+NPNPNP++NPNPProbable
Saha et al[51], 20057F-Plasmodium falciparum-NPNPNP+NPNPNPPossible4
Curley et al[33], 201126M-Plasmodium vivax-NPNPNPNPNPNPNPPossible4
Harris et al[32], 201359M-Plasmodium malariae-NPNPNPNPNPNPNPPossible4
Dinulos et al[35], 19944M-EBV-NPNPNP+NPNPNPPossible
Dinulos et al[35], 199416M-EBV+NPNPNP++NP-Probable
Lagona et al[52], 20074F-EBV-NPNPNP+NPNPNPPossible
Iaria et al[30], 200718F-EBV-NPNPNP+NPNPNPPossible
Prassouli et al[53], 200713F-EBV-NPNPNP+NPNPNPPossible
Attilakos et al[54], 20085M-EBV-NPNPNP+NPNPNPPossible
Gagneux-Brunon et al[55], 201418F-EBV-NPNPNP+NPNPNPPossible
Gagneux-Brunon et al[55], 201420F-EBV-NPNPNP+NPNPNPPossible
Agergaard et al[34], 201434F-EBV-NPNPNP+NPNPNPPossible
Alkhoury et al[56], 201415F-EBV-NPNPNP+NPNPNPPossible
Yesilbag et al[57], 201730F-EBV-NPNPNP+NPNPNPPossible
Ntelis et al[36], 201915F-EBV-NPNPNP+NPNPNPPossible
Alhassan et al[39], 202040F-SARS-CoV-2-NP-NPNPNPNPNPPossible
Andriopoulos et al[58], 200272M-Brucella melitensis+NP++++NPNPProbable
Hariz et al[59], 201962F-Brucella melitensis-NPNPNP+NPNPNPPossible
Figtree et al[60], 201038M-Coxiella burnetii+NPNPNP+++NPProven
Rolain et al[61], 201371M-Coxiella burnetii+NPNPNP++NP-Probable
Wu et al[62], 2003NANA-Dengue fever virus+NPNPNP++NPNPProbable
Marasinghe et al[63], 201029F-Dengue fever virus-NPNPNP+NPNPNPPossible
Hayakawa et al[64], 201172F-Orientia tsutsugamushi-NPNPNP+NPNPNPPossible
Mahapatra et al[65], 201957F-Ehrlichia chaffeensis+NPNPNP+++-Proven
Kurtovic et al[66], 200474FCVIDVZV-NPNPNP+NPNPNPPossible
Udayakumar et al[67], 200935F-Campylobacter jejuni++NPNPNPNPNPNPPossible
West et al[68], 199855F-Vibrio cholerae+NP++NP+NPNPProbable
Szvalb et al[69], 201939FAcute myelocytic leukemiaFusarium spp. -NP++NPNPNPNPPossible
1Histopathology is considered positive if inflammation is present or if the pathogen is identified.
2Zika virus was also identified using electron microscopy.
3Giardia was identified using bile duct brush cytology and biopsy of the hilar bile duct stricture.
4The parasites were detected through peripheral smear.
Proven: Cases in which cholecystectomy was performed, inflammation of the gallbladder was demonstrated, and the causative pathogen of acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) was identified using histopathology, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on tissue specimen or immunohistochemistry (IHC); Probable: Cases in which the causative pathogen of AAC was identified using stool/blood/bile culture or serological methods, cholecystectomy was undertaken and inflammation of the gallbladder was demonstrated, but histopathology, PCR on tissue specimen or IHC were not performed or were negative for pathogens; Possible: Cases in which the causative pathogen of AAC was identified using stool/blood/bile culture or serological methods but cholecystectomy was not performed. CCY: Cholecystectomy; NP: Not performed; NA: Not available; CVID: Common variable immune deficiency; HAV: Hepatitis A virus; CMV: Cytomegalovirus; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; EBV: Epstein-Barr virus; VZV: Varicella zoster virus.