Role of autophagy in cholangiocarcinoma: Pathophysiology and implications for therapy

Table 1 This table summarizes the effects of autophagy modulators on cholangiocarcinoma development

Autophagy modulators	Effects on CCA	Ref.
Inhibitors
Cisplatin combined with CQ/3-MA	↓ Cell survival	Qu et al[30], 2017
CQ	↓ Cell survival	Jia et al[31], 2018
	↑ ER stress
	↑ Apoptosis
ABC294640 with sorafenib and autophagy inhibitors	↓ Cell survival	Ding et al[32], 2016
Salinomycin	↓ Cell survival	Klose et al[35], 2018
Resveratrol	↑ Oxidative stress	He et al[39], 2018
	↑ Apoptosis
Activators
ABT737 combined with cisplatin	↓ Chemoresistance	Fan et al[33], 2015
DHA	↑ Apoptosis	Thongchot et al[34], 2018
NVP-BEZ235	No effect on apoptosis	Yothaisong et al[45], 2013
	↓ Cell survival
Resveratrol	↓ IL-6	Thongchot et al[46], 2018

CCA: Cholangiocarcinoma; IL: Interleukin; ER: Endoplasmic reticulum.