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©The Author(s) 2021.
World J Clin Cases. Jul 6, 2021; 9(19): 4918-4938
Published online Jul 6, 2021. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i19.4918
Published online Jul 6, 2021. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i19.4918
Table 1 Gastro-intestinal symptoms (frequency < 30%) and correlation with the clinical course of coronavirus disease 2019
| Ref. | No. of patients | Frequency of GI symptoms, n (%) | Diarrhea, n (%) | Nausea or vomiting, n (%) | Loss of appetite, n (%) | Abdominal pain, n (%) | Correlation with worse or better clinical course | Comments/limitations |
| Jin et al[119] | 651 | 74 (11.4) | 53 (8.1) | 21 (3.2) | No | No | Yes, worse | Not prospective or cohort study |
| Papa | 34 | 3 (8.8) | 1 (2.9) | 1 (2.9) | No | 1 (2.9) | Yes, better | Limited number of patients, possible underestimation of GI-symptoms and digestive comorbidities |
| Zheng | 1320 | 192 (14.6) | 107 (8.1) | 57 (4.3) | 62 (4.7) | 11 (0.8) | Yes, worse | Single-center, small sample, mild and common type patients |
| Ai | 142 | 7 (4.9) | 6 (4.2) | 6 (4.2) | 7 (4.9) | 6 (4.2) | No | The lowest prevalence |
| Zhang | 788 | 88 (11.2) | NA | NA | No | No | Yes, worse | Laboratory results not included in ordinal logistic regression model |
| Zhou | 254 | 66 (26) | 46 (18.1) | 36 (14.2) | No | 3 (1.2) | No | Most cases were clinically confirmed patients, difficulty in assessing clinical outcomes |
| Lei | 115 | 32 (27.8) | 14 (12.2) | 9 (7.83) | 9 (7.83) | No | No | Single-center, selection bias, patients with mild manifestations excluded, aged patients, follow-up data not provided |
| Remes-Troche | 112 | 23 (20.5) | 20 (17.8) | 8 (7.1) | No | 11 (9.8) | No | Possible selection bias |
| Ramachandran | 150 | 31 (20.6) | 22 (14.7) | 16 (10.7) | No | 3 (2) | No | Possible selection bias, No test for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA |
| Aghemo | 292 | 69/245 (28.2) | 69/255 (27.1) | 11/274 (4.0) | No | No | Yes, better | Patients admitted in critical conditions were excluded |
| Ferm et al[128] | 892 | 219 (24.6) | 177 (19.8) | 239 (26.8) | 105 (11.8) | 70 (7.8) | No | Collection of data limited by recall bias of both patients and health care professionals |
| Luo | 1141 | 183 (16) | 68 (6) | 134 (11.7) | 180 (15.8) | 45 (3.8) | No | Hospitalized patients, only gastro-intestinal (no respiratory) symptoms |
Table 2 Gastro-intestinal symptoms (frequency > 30%) and correlation with the clinical course of coronavirus disease 2019
| Ref. | No. of patients | Frequency of GI symptoms, n (%) | Diarrhea, n (%) | Nausea or vomiting, n (%) | Loss of appetite, n (%) | Ab | Correlation with worse or better clinical course | Comments/limitations |
| An et al[50] | 205 | 79 (38.5) | 20 (9.8) | 18 (8.8) | 59 (28.8) | 4 (2.0) | Yes, worse for patients with classic, better for patients with only GI symptoms | Possible selection bias, stool testing for virusneeded further investigation |
| Zhang | 505 | 164 (32.5) | 62 (12.3) | 40 (7.2) | 93 (18.4) | 17 (3.3) | Yes, worse | Possible selection bias, not prognostic index scores obtained |
| Pan | 204 | 103 (50.5) | 35 (17.2) | 4 (2) | 81 (39.7) | 2 (1) | No | Small sample, not test for SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the stool |
| Sierpiński | 1942 | 1041 (53.6) | 470 (24.2) | No | 913 (47) | No | No | Nonhospitalized patients |
| Lin | 95 | 58 (61.1) | 23 (24.2) | 21 (22.1) | 17 (17.9) | 2 (2.1) | No | 49.5% cases exhibited GI symptoms during hospitalization |
| Cao | 157 | 63 (40.1) | 25 (15.9) | 21 (13.4) | 47 (30) | No | No | Lack of data of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction on COVID- GI specimens |
| Nobel | 278 | 97 (35) | 56 (20.1) | 63 (22.6) | No | No | Yes, better | Short follow-up time |
| Kaafarani | 141 | 64 (45) | 42 (29.8) | 31 (22.0) | No | 21 (14.9) | Yes, worse | Critically ill patients |
| Renelus | 734 | 231 (31.5) | 149 (20.3) | 171 (23.3) | No | 68 (9.3) | Yes, better | Possible selection bias, only hospitalized patients |
| Moura | 400 | 133 (33.3) | 69 (17.3) | 85 (21.3) | 46 (11.5) | 24 (6.00) | No | Possible selection bias, only hospitalized patients |
| Redd | 318 | 195 (61.3) | 107 (33.7) | 133 (41.8) | 110 (34.8) | 46 (14.5) | No | Lack of validated symptom instruments, exclusion of ambulatory patients |
| Zhan | 405 | 248 (61.2) | 112 (27.7) | 76 (18.8) | 170 (42) | 41 (10.1) | Yes, worse | Only hospitalized patients |
| Cholankeril | 207 | 70 (33.8) | 32 (15.5) | 32 (15.5) | No | 14 (7.1) | Yes, worse | Initial experience treating COVID-19, short study duration, unable to further assess hospitalization outcomes |
| Chen | 101 | 75 (74) | 51 (50) | 44 (43.6) | 54 (53) | 26 (26) | No | Prospective case-control study, mostly with outpatients, with mild to moderate symptoms |
- Citation: Oikonomou KG, Papamichalis P, Zafeiridis T, Xanthoudaki M, Papapostolou E, Valsamaki A, Bouliaris K, Papamichalis M, Karvouniaris M, Vlachostergios PJ, Skoura AL, Komnos A. Gastroenterology and liver disease during COVID-19 and in anticipation of post-COVID-19 era: Current practice and future directions. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9(19): 4918-4938
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2307-8960/full/v9/i19/4918.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v9.i19.4918