Systematic Reviews
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2021.
World J Clin Cases. Jun 16, 2021; 9(17): 4199-4209
Published online Jun 16, 2021. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i17.4199
Table 1 Clinical studies concerning the gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with coronavirus disease 2019
Ref.nCountriesResearch typeGastrointestinal symptoms




Diarrhea
Loss of appetite
Nausea
Vomiting
Abdominal discomfort
Chen et al[6]99ChinaRetrospective, single center study2%-1%1%-
Huang et al[7]41ChinaRetrospective study3%----
Shi et al[8]81ChinaRetrospective, descriptive study4%--5%-
Xu et al[9]62ChinaRetrospective case series8%----
Wang et al[11]Total (138), ICU (36), non-ICU (102)ChinaRetrospective, single center case seriesICU: 16.7%, non-ICU: 7.8%-ICU: 11.1%, non-ICU: 9.8%ICU: 8.3%, non-ICU: 2.0%ICU: 8.3%, non-ICU: 0%
Luo et al[15]Total (1141), GI symptoms only (183)ChinaRetrospective study37%98%73%65%25%
Pan et al[16]Experimental group (with digestive symptom): 103, control (without digestive symptom): 101ChinaDescriptive, cross-sectional, multicenter studyExperimental group: 34%, control: -Experimental group: 78.6%, control: --Experimental group: 3.9%, control: -Experimental group: 1.9%, control: -
Cholankeril et al[17]116United StatesRetrospective study10.3%25.3%10.3%10.3%8.8%
Hajifathalian et al[19]1059United StatesRetrospective study22%-16%9%7%
Chen et al[18]COVID-19 negative (239), COVID-19 positive (101)United StatesProspective, single center, case-control studyNegative: 30%, positive: 50%Negative: 26%, positive: 53%Negative: 26%, positive: 30%Negative: 12%, positive: 14%Negative: 19%, positive: 20%
Young et al[13]18SingaporeDescriptive case series17%----
Table 2 Clinical studies concerning the serum index of liver function in patients infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
Ref.nCountriesResearch typeLiver chemistry abnormalities
Abnormal AST, ALT, LDH
Bilirubin, ALP
Decreased albumin
Prolonged PT
Chen et al[6] 99ChinaRetrospective, single center studyAST: 35%, ALT: 28%, LDH: 76%BIL: 18%98%5%
Liu et al[29] Nonsevere (28), severe (4)ChinaRetrospective, multicenter studyNonsevere: AST: 3.6%, ALT: 21%; Severe: AST: 25.0%, ALT: 75.0%NDNDND
Guan et al[3]Nonsevere (926), severe (173)ChinaRetrospectiveNonsevere: AST: 18.2%, ALT: 19.8%, LDH: 37.2%; Severe: AST: 39.4%, ALT: 28.1%, LDH: 58.1%Nonsevere: BIL: 9.9%; Severe: BIL: 13.3%NDND
Zhou et al[30]Nonsurvivor (54), survivor (137)ChinaRetrospective, multicenter cohort studyNonsurvivor: ALT: 48%, LDH: 98%; survivor: ALT: 24%, LDH: 54%NDNDNonsurvivor: 13%;Survivor3%
Wang et al[11]138ChinaRetrospective, single center studyLDH: 39.9%NDND58.0%
Xu et al[9]62ChinaRetrospectiveAST: 16%, LDH: 27%NDNDND
Wu et al[49]80ChinaRetrospective, multicenter studyAST: 3.75%, ALT: 3.75%, LDH: 21.25%BIL: 1.25%2.50%ND
Shi et al[8]81ChinaRetrospective, descriptive studyAST: 53%NDNDND