COVID-19 in gastroenterology and hepatology: Lessons learned and questions to be answered

Table 1 Clinical studies concerning the gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with coronavirus disease 2019

Ref.	n	Countries	Research type	Gastrointestinal symptoms
				Diarrhea	Loss of appetite	Nausea	Vomiting	Abdominal discomfort
Chen et al[6]	99	China	Retrospective, single center study	2%	-	1%	1%	-
Huang et al[7]	41	China	Retrospective study	3%	-	-	-	-
Shi et al[8]	81	China	Retrospective, descriptive study	4%	-	-	5%	-
Xu et al[9]	62	China	Retrospective case series	8%	-	-	-	-
Wang et al[11]	Total (138), ICU (36), non-ICU (102)	China	Retrospective, single center case series	ICU: 16.7%, non-ICU: 7.8%	-	ICU: 11.1%, non-ICU: 9.8%	ICU: 8.3%, non-ICU: 2.0%	ICU: 8.3%, non-ICU: 0%
Luo et al[15]	Total (1141), GI symptoms only (183)	China	Retrospective study	37%	98%	73%	65%	25%
Pan et al[16]	Experimental group (with digestive symptom): 103, control (without digestive symptom): 101	China	Descriptive, cross-sectional, multicenter study	Experimental group: 34%, control: -	Experimental group: 78.6%, control: -	-	Experimental group: 3.9%, control: -	Experimental group: 1.9%, control: -
Cholankeril et al[17]	116	United States	Retrospective study	10.3%	25.3%	10.3%	10.3%	8.8%
Hajifathalian et al[19]	1059	United States	Retrospective study	22%	-	16%	9%	7%
Chen et al[18]	COVID-19 negative (239), COVID-19 positive (101)	United States	Prospective, single center, case-control study	Negative: 30%, positive: 50%	Negative: 26%, positive: 53%	Negative: 26%, positive: 30%	Negative: 12%, positive: 14%	Negative: 19%, positive: 20%
Young et al[13]	18	Singapore	Descriptive case series	17%	-	-	-	-

COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; GI: Gastrointestinal; ICU: Intensive care unit.

Table 2 Clinical studies concerning the serum index of liver function in patients infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus

Ref.	n	Countries	Research type	Liver chemistry abnormalities
				Abnormal AST, ALT, LDH	Bilirubin, ALP	Decreased albumin	Prolonged PT
Chen et al[6]	99	China	Retrospective, single center study	AST: 35%, ALT: 28%, LDH: 76%	BIL: 18%	98%	5%
Liu et al[29]	Nonsevere (28), severe (4)	China	Retrospective, multicenter study	Nonsevere: AST: 3.6%, ALT: 21%; Severe: AST: 25.0%, ALT: 75.0%	ND	ND	ND
Guan et al[3]	Nonsevere (926), severe (173)	China	Retrospective	Nonsevere: AST: 18.2%, ALT: 19.8%, LDH: 37.2%; Severe: AST: 39.4%, ALT: 28.1%, LDH: 58.1%	Nonsevere: BIL: 9.9%; Severe: BIL: 13.3%	ND	ND
Zhou et al[30]	Nonsurvivor (54), survivor (137)	China	Retrospective, multicenter cohort study	Nonsurvivor: ALT: 48%, LDH: 98%; survivor: ALT: 24%, LDH: 54%	ND	ND	Nonsurvivor: 13%;Survivor3%
Wang et al[11]	138	China	Retrospective, single center study	LDH: 39.9%	ND	ND	58.0%
Xu et al[9]	62	China	Retrospective	AST: 16%, LDH: 27%	ND	ND	ND
Wu et al[49]	80	China	Retrospective, multicenter study	AST: 3.75%, ALT: 3.75%, LDH: 21.25%	BIL: 1.25%	2.50%	ND
Shi et al[8]	81	China	Retrospective, descriptive study	AST: 53%	ND	ND	ND

ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; ALT: Alanine transferase; AST: Aspartate transferase; BIL: Bilirubin; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; ND: Not mentioned; PT: Prothrombin time.