Cluster headache due to structural lesions: A systematic review of published cases

Table 1 Cases of secondary cluster headache associated with vascular pathologies.

Year	Ref.	Pathologies	Age at onset, interval between age at onset and diagnosis, yr	Sex
1997	Rosebraugh et al[33]	ICAD	34	Male
2003	Frigerio et al[34]	ICAD	50	Female
2005	Hannerz et al[16]	ICAD	58	Male
2006	Razvi et al[35]	ICAD (in the petrous segment of ICA)	44	Male
2007	Hardmeier et al[36]	ICAD (petrous segment)	38	Male
2007	Straube et al[13] (case 2)	ICAD (cavernous segment)	35	Male
2008	Rigamonti et al[37] (cases 1 and 2)	ICAD (case 1, lacerum segment)	50	Male
		ICAD (case 2, lacerum segment)	49	Male
2008	Godeiro-Junior et al[38]	ICAD (petrous segment)	53	Male
2008	Tobin et al[39]	ICAD (cervical segment)	55	Male
2013	Tsivgoulis et al[40]	ICAD (petrous segment)	32	Male
1991	West et al[17]	Aneurysm (posterior inferior cerebellar artery, vertebral artery)	39 (12)	Male
2000	McBeath et al[31]	Aneurysm (posterior communicating artery)	45 (10)	Male
2006	Gentile et al[11]	Aneurysm (multiple cerebral aneurysms)	58	Female
2007	Valença et al[41] (cases 1 and 2)	Aneurysm (case 1, posterior communicating artery)	47	Male
		Aneurysm (case 2, intracranial ICA)	57	Male
2009	Sewell et al[42]	Aneurysm (moyamoya disease)	18 (16)	Male
2006	Georgiadis et al[25]	CVT (superior sagittal sinus)	46	Male
2006	Park et al[26]	CVT (right transverse sinus, straight sinus)	20 (6)	Male
2006	Peterlin et al[8]	CVT (case 1, left transverse, sigmoid sinus)	38 (9)	Male
		CVT (case 2, left transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus, internal jugular vein)	32 (10)	Male
2008	Rodríguez et al[18]	CVT (superior sagittal sinus and bilateral transversal sinuses)	51	Male
1982	Mani et al[43]	Arteriovenous malformation (occipital lobe)	22 (14)	Female
1996	Muñoz et al[19]	Arteriovenous malformation (case 1, temporal lobe)	52	Male
		Arteriovenous malformation (case 2, frontal lobe)	40 (6)	Male
2001	Piovesan et al[44]	Subclavian steal phenomenon	51 (9)	Female
2008	Kim et al[45]	Vertebral artery dissection (posterior inferior cerebellar artery)	48	Female
2008	Ashkenazi et al[20]	Intra-cavernous carotid artery thrombosis	62	Male
2017	Chang et al[46]	Middle meningeal artery dural arteriovenous fistulas	42	Male

CVT: Cerebral venous thrombosis; ICAD: Internal carotid artery dissection.

Table 2 Cases of secondary cluster headache associated with tumoural pathologies (including tumours and cysts)

Year	Ref.	Pathologies	Age at onset (Interval between age at onset and diagnosis, yr)	Sex
1988	Greve et al[47] (case 3)	Prolactinoma	57 (1)	Male
2001	Porta-Etessam et al[48]	Prolactinoma	28 (8)	Male
2004	Leone et al[9]	Prolactinoma	46 (3)	Male
2005	Negoro et al[27]	Prolactinoma	14 (3)	Male
2012	Levy et al[49]	Prolactinoma	25	Male
2013	Edvardsson et al[50]	Prolactinoma	46	Male
2017	Andereggen et al[51]	Prolactinoma	46	Male
2017	Pineyro et al[52]	Prolactinoma	15 (3)	Female
1991	Levyman et al[53]	Epidermoid cyst (posterior fossa)	40 (13)	Female
2006	Massie et al[10]	Epidermoid cyst (epidermoid clival lesion)	36 (3)	Male
2007	Eimil-Ortiz et al[28]	Epidermoid cyst (pontocerebellar angle)	47	Male
1989	Hannerz et al[21]	Parasellar meningioma	28 (18)	Male
1995	Taub et al[6]	Meningioma (tentorium cerebelli)	35-40 (20-25)	Male
2003	Bigal et al[7]	Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour (undersurface of the tentorium)	18.5 (9.5)	Male
2008	Alty et al[54]	Trigeminal meningioma (cerebellopontine angle)	30	Male
2009	Robbins et al[55]	Meningioma (planum sphenoidale)	29 (8)	Male
2012	Edvardsson et al[22]	Parietal glioblastoma multiforme	41	Male
2013	Edvardsson et al[56]	Supra- and intrasellar arachnoid cyst	43	Male
1982	Tfelt-Hansen et al[57]	Pituitary chromophobe adenoma	21 (31)	Male
2014	Edvardsson et al[58]	Pituitary chromophobe adenoma	49	Male
1996	Milos et al[59]	Pituitary GH-producing adenoma	33 (4)	Male
2016	De Pue et al[32]	Pituitary cyst	35 (12)	Male
2004	Seijo-Martinez et al[12]	Arnold–Chiari type I malformation, syringomyelia	36	Female
2015	Kao et al[60]	Arnold–Chiari type I malformation	26	Male
2014	Malissart et al[61]	Carotid paraganglioma	60	Female

GH: Growth hormone.

Table 3 Cases of secondary cluster headache associated with inflammatory pathologies and idiopathic intracranial hypertension

Year	Ref.	Pathologies	Age at onset (Interval between age at onset and diagnosis, yr)	Sex
1988	Takeshima et al[62]	Sinusitis (case1, frontal, ethmoidal, maxillary sinusitis)	31	Male
		Sinusitis (case 2, frontal, maxillary sinusitis)	31 (9)	Male
1995	Zanchin et al[14]	Sinusitis (sphenoid sinus aspergillus infection)	64	Female
1997	Heidegger et al[63]	Sinusitis (sphenoid sinus aspergillus infection)	68	Male
2002	Scorticati et al[23]	Sinusitis (foreign body in the maxillary sinus, maxillary sinusitis)	26 (8)	Female
2013	Edvardsson et al[64]	Sisitis (maxillary sinusitis)	24	Male
2013	Edvardsson et al[65]	Sinusitis (maxillary sinusitis)	21	Male
2018	Balgetir et al[66] (cases 1-7)	Sinusitis (frontal, ethmoid, maxillary sinusitis)	23	Male
		Sinusitis (frontal, maxillary sinusitis)	28	Male
		Frontoethmoidal mucocele	33	Male
		Sinusitis (frontal, ethmoid, maxillary sinusitis)	27	Male
		Sinusitis (maxillary, ethmoid sinusitis)	16	Male
		Sinusitis (frontal sinusitis)	31	Male
		Sinusitis (sphenoid and ethmoid sinusitis)	39	Female
2018	Branco et al[67]	Sphenoid sinus mucocele	62	Male
2007	Harley et al[68]	Inflammatory orbital pseudotumour	33	Female
2009	Choi et al[69]	Posterior scleritis	42 (10)	Female
2017	Ersoy et al[70]	Idiopathic orbital myositis	34	Female
2019	Douglas et al[71]	Idiopathic orbital myositis	19	Female
2007	Favier et al[15]	Hypothalamus-pituitary granuloma	26	Female
2013	van der Vlist et al[72]	Hypothalamus-pituitary granuloma	31	Male
2006	Volcy et al[73]	Idiopathic intracranial hypertension	40	Male
2008	Testa et al[74]	Idiopathic intracranial hypertension	28	Female

Table 4 Demographic profile and characters of the headache

	Number (%)/mean ± range
Age at onset (n = 66)
Average age	38.3 ± 13.0
20-40 yr	40 (51.9%)
< 20 yr	6 (7.8%)
> 40 yr	31 (40.3%)
Sex
Male	60 (77.9%)
Female	17 (22.1%)
Side
Left	43 (55.8%)
Right	34 (44.2%)
Sides of headache and structural pathologies (n = 66)
Ipsilateral	61 (79.5%)
Midline	10 (13.0%)
Contralateral	4 (5.2%)
Unknown	2 (2.6%)
Attacks not fulfilling ICHD-3
Duration (n = 65)	17 (23.3%)
Frequency (n = 57)	5 (7.7%)
Headache sites
Orbital/periorbital	47 (61.0%)
Temporal	23 (30.0%)
Supraorbital	16 (20.1%)
Eye/retroorbital	26 (33.8%)
Other	14 (18.2%)
Associated autonomic symptoms
Lacrimation/conjunctival injection/rhinorrhoea	73 (94.5%)
Miosis/ptosis	40 (51.2%)
Nasal congestion/eyelid oedema/forehead sweating	39 (50.6%)
Nausea/phonophobia/vomiting	13 (16.9%)
Persistent miosis/ptosis	11 (14.3%)
Additional headaches between attacks	18 (23.4%)
Altered neurological examination	21 (27.2%)

ICDH: International Classification of Headache Disorders.

Table 5 Cluster-like headache patients' responses to typical cluster headache treatments

	Effectivenessa (n, %)
Acute treatment
Triptans	19/28 (67.9%)
Oxygen inhalation	13/24 (54.2%)
Ergotamine/ergometrine	6/20 (30%)
NSAIDs	7/31 (22.6%)
Analgesics	6/8 (75%)
Caffeine	2/2 (100%)
Total	53/113 (46.9%)
Preventive treatment
Verapamil	9/17 (52.9%)
Glucocorticoid drugs	11/15 (73.3%)
Propranolol	1/6 (16.7%)
Antipsychotics	2/11 (18.2%)
AEDs	0/13 (0)
Lithium carbonate	1/1
Other antihypertensive drugs	0/2 (0)
Antihistamine	0/2 (0)
Total	24/67 (35.8%)

^aModerate and great improvement of headache (intensity, frequency, duration) are regarded as effective.

AEDs: Anti-epileptic drugs; NSAIDs: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.