Multiple ectopic goiter in the retroperitoneum, abdominal wall, liver, and diaphragm: A case report and review of literature

Table 1 Case reports of multiple ectopic thyroid

Ref.	Age, yr	Gender	Location1	Endocrine	Ectopic location	Diagnosis
Agrawal et al[3], 2019	11	Female	Not normal	Normal	Infrahyoid region, the base of the tongue and the other in the prehyoid location	TFT, US, Tc-99m TcO4 scan, SPECT/CT, FNA
Barai et al, 2004	6	Male	Not normal	Hyperthyroidism	Region of the foramen cecum, suprahyoid and in the region of the cricoid cartilage	TFT, 131I WBS, pathology
Belgur et al[22], 2016	25	Male	Not normal	NA	Tongue (posteriorly), the sublingual, the prehyoid and the right submandibular regions	US, CT, MRI, FNA
Dobrescu et al[14], 2014	48	Female	Normal	Hyperthyroidism	Pulmonary areas, right pelvis, axial skeleton, pelvic bones, skull	US, CT, 131I WBS, TFT, pathology
Hua et al[24], 2019	56	Female	NA	SH	Tongue base, neck region over the submental and hyoid bone level	131I WBS, FNA, CT
Jain et al[23], 2010	20	Female	Normal	SH	Base of the tongue, the suprahyoid and the subhyoid	TFT, 131I WBS, CT
Kim et al[16], 2015	35	Female	Normal	Hyperthyroidism	Right chest wall and axilla, the left chest wall	131I WBS, SPECT/CT
Konde et al[17], 2012	16	Female	Not normal	Normal	Lingual foramen cecum level, sublingual (between the geniohyoid and mylohyoid muscles), below the hyoid bone level	CT, US, TFT, Tc-99m TcO4 scan
Kuramoto et al[19], 2013	10	Female	NA	NA	Near the base of the tongue, prehyoid and pretracheal region	NA
Nilegaonkar et al[21], 2011	16	Female	NA	Hypothyroidism	Base of tongue, the level of the hyoid and suprahyoid location	US, CT, Tc-99m TcO4 scan, FNAC, TFT
Passah et al[4], 2018	5	Female	Not normal	SH	Base of the tongue, prehyoid region, anterior to the thyroid cartilage towards the right side	TFT, Tc-99m TcO4 scan, SPECT/CT
Rahalkar et al[20], 2014	42	Female	Not normal	Normal	Surface of posterior tongue, anterosuperior, close to the body of the hyoid bone and in the subhyoid region	CT, Tc-99m TcO4 scan
Spencer-Segal et al, 2015	37	Female	Normal	Normal	Right sternocleidomastoid, periclavicular, pectoralis and axillary regions	TFT, I-123 SPECT-CT, CT, pathology
Thomas et al[5], 2013	14	Female	Normal	Normal	Omentum, left adnexa, peritoneum, spleen, abdominal wall, bladder and rectum	TFT, CT, pathology
Weng et al, 2000	86	Female	Normal	Hyperthyroidism	Lung, visceral pleura, pelvic cavity and the skeleton	TFT, chest X-ray, US, pathology

¹Location of the thyroid. 131I WBS: Whole-body 131 I scintigraphy; CT: Computed tomography; FNA: Fine needle aspiration; FNAC: Fine needle aspiration cytology; NA: Not available; SH: Subclinical hypothyroidism; SPECT: Single-photon emission computed tomography; Tc-99m TcO4 scan: Radionuclide 3 mCi technetium scan; TFT: Thyroid function test; US: Ultrasonography.