Exploring the impact of mobile device use on mealtime distractions and its consequences for metabolic health: A narrative minireview

Table 1 Search strategy

Database	Search strategy
PubMed central	(("eating"[MeSH Terms] OR "eating"[All Fields]) AND ("smartphone"[MeSH Terms] OR "smartphone"[All Fields]) AND ("energy intake"[MeSH Terms] OR ("energy"[All Fields] AND "intake"[All Fields]) OR "energy intake"[All Fields]) AND ("digestive system"[MeSH Terms] OR ("digestive"[All Fields] AND "system"[All Fields]) OR "digestive system"[All Fields]) AND (("mouth"[MeSH Terms] OR "mouth"[All Fields] OR "oral"[All Fields]) AND ("physiology"[Subheading] OR "physiology"[All Fields] OR "physiology"[MeSH Terms])))
PubMed	("eating"[MeSH Terms] OR "eating"[All Fields]) AND ("smartphone"[MeSH Terms] OR "smartphone"[All Fields] OR "smartphones"[All Fields] OR "smartphone s"[All Fields]) AND ("energy intake"[MeSH Terms] OR ("energy"[All Fields] AND "intake"[All Fields]) OR "energy intake"[All Fields]) AND ("digestive system"[MeSH Terms] OR ("digestive"[All Fields] AND "system"[All Fields]) OR "digestive system"[All Fields]) AND (("mouth"[MeSH Terms] OR "mouth"[All Fields] OR "oral"[All Fields]) AND ("physiologies"[All Fields] OR "physiology"[MeSH Subheading] OR "physiology"[All Fields] OR "physiology"[MeSH Terms]))

Table 2 Summary of key literature

Ref.	Study type	Sample size	Key findings	Relevance to study
Gonçalves et al[18]	Experimental study	62 adults (26 males, 36 females)	Smartphone use during meals increases total caloric intake by approximately 15% compared to no distractions. Lipid intake is significantly higher during smartphone use, and sex differences in lipid consumption are observed, with women consuming more lipids than men across conditions	Provides direct evidence of how smartphone use during meals increases caloric and lipid intake, emphasizing the role of environmental distractions in food consumption behavior
Wu et al[25]	Cross-sectional	4325 Chinese college students	Problematic smartphone use and psychological distress (anxiety and depression) mediate the relationship between poor sleep quality and disordered eating behaviors	Demonstrates the indirect role of smartphone use in shaping eating behaviors via psychological distress, providing a pathway for interventions targeting mealtime distractions
Rozgonjuk et al[23]	Empirical study	101 undergraduate university students	Self-reported problematic smartphone use correlates with higher depression and anxiety symptoms, but objective smartphone use metrics (screen time, unlocks) over one week do not show this association	Highlights the discrepancy between self-reported PSU and actual smartphone use, emphasizing the role of psychological factors in perceived smartphone addiction

PSU: Problematic smartphone use.