Causal associations between gastroesophageal reflux disease and essential hypertension: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study

Table 1 Mendelian randomization estimates from different methods of assessing the causal effect between gastroesophageal reflux disease/Barret's esophagus and essential hypertension

Exposure	Outcome	Step	Nsnp	IVW			WM			MR-Egger
				OR or beta	95%CI	P value	OR or beta	95%CI	P value	OR or beta	95%CI	P value
Gastroesophageal reflux disease	Essential hypertension	3	69	1.46	1.33, 1.59	2.14E-16	1.34	1.19, 1.50	6.80E-07	2.073	1.23, 3.50	0.0082
	Duplicate essential hypertension	1	77	1.002	1.0008, 1.003	4.98E-04	1.0013	0.9998, 1.0028	0.084	1.0018	0.996, 1.0076	0.54
	Diastolic blood pressure1	3	58	0.09	0.08, 0.12	1.2E-17	0.095	0.066, 0.12	7.8E-11	0.034	-0.12, 0.19	0.66
	Systolic blood pressure1	3	61	0.78	0.11, 1.44	0.021	0.59	-0.36, 1.53	0.23	4.42	0.28, 8.55	0.04
	Hypertensive heart disease	1	75	1.68	1.36, 2.08	1.60E-06	1.82	1.38, 2.42	2.90E-05	2.99	0.85, 10.48	0.09
	Hypertensive heart and/or renal disease	2	73	1.61	1.33, 1.94	1.00E-06	1.72	1.31, 2.26	8.91772E-05	2.89	0.96, 8.75	0.064
Barret's esophagus	Essential hypertension	1	16	1.00006	0.9993, 1.0008	0.88	1.000033	0.999, 1.001	0.95	1.002	0.997, 1.0067	0.4
	Duplicate essentialhypertension	1	16	1.05	1.0004, 1.11	0.048	1.078	1.001, 1.16	0.046	1.1	0.75, 1.61	0.62

¹Except that the results of diastolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were expressed in beta, other results were expressed in OR. Step: (1) Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis without removing single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs); (2) MR analysis after removing the SNPs [with P value less than threshold in MR-Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier (MR-PRESSO) test]; and (3) MR analysis after removing all the SNPs (with P value less than 1 in MR-PRESSO outlier test). N snp: Number of single nucleotide polymorphisms; IVW: Inverse variance weighted; WM: Weighted median; MR-Egger: Mendelian randomization egger.

Table 2 Mendelian randomization estimates from different methods of assessing the causal effect between essential hypertension and gastroesophageal reflux disease/Barret's esophagus

Exposure	Outcome	Step	Nsnp	IVW			WM			MR-Egger
				OR or beta	95%CI	P value	OR or beta	95%CI	P value	OR or beta	95%CI	P value
Duplicate essential hypertension	Gastroesophageal reflux disease	3	31	1.015	0.98, 1.05	0.344	1.027	0.99, 1.07	0.202	1.038	0.94, 1.15	0.471
Diastolic blood pressure1		3	154	0.042	-0.02, 0.104	0.179	0.026	-0.05, 0.103	0.518	-0.194	-0.39, 0.003	0.056
Systolic blood pressure1		3	11	-0.003	-0.009, 0.003	0.311	-0.004	-0.01, 0.003	0.274	-0.031	-0.07, 0.007	0.148
essentialhypertension	Barret's esophagus	3	31	0.911	0.83, 0.997	0.043	0.929	0.82, 1.05	0.254	0.869	0.65, 1.16	0.345

¹Except that the results of diastolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were expressed in beta, other results were expressed in OR. Step: (1) Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis without removing single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs); (2) MR analysis after removing the SNPs [with P value less than threshold in MR-Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier (MR-PRESSO) test]; and (3) MR analysis after removing all the SNPs (with P value less than 1 in MR-PRESSO outlier test). N snp: Number of single nucleotide polymorphisms; IVW: Inverse variance weighted; WM: Weighted median; MR-Egger: Mendelian randomization egger.