Different effects of 24 dietary intakes on gastroesophageal reflux disease: A mendelian randomization

Table 1 Univariate Mendelian randomization analysis for genetically causal associations of 24 dietary intake with gastroesophageal reflux disease risk

Dietary intake	R2	F-statistic	SNPs	IVW		WM		MR-egger
				OR (95%CI)	P value	OR (95%CI)	P value	OR (95%CI)	P value
Pork intake	0.0004	20.499	9	2.83 (1.76, 4.55)	1.84E-05	3.60 (2.14, 6.07)	1.52E-06	49.55 (1.55, 1579.54)	0.063
Bacon intake	NA	NA	0	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Processed meat intake	0.0014	40.506	12	0.96 (0.69, 1.33)	0.794	1.12 (0.78, 1.59)	0.544	0.19 (0.01, 3.67)	0.296
Cooked vegetable intake	0.0003	10.983	9	1.87 (1.28, 2.75)	0.001	1.56 (0.95, 2.55)	0.081	0.71 (0.01, 64.25)	0.885
Salad/raw vegetable intake	0.0003	18.628	10	0.84 (0.60, 1.18)	0.309	0.90 (0.57, 1.42)	0.639	2.39 (0.42, 13.44)	0.352
Fresh fruit intake	0.0008	18.132	37	0.79 (0.56, 1.11)	0.178	0.87 (0.60, 1.27)	0.472	1.65 (0.46, 5.88)	0.443
Dried fruit intake	0.0009	12.062	26	0.37 (0.27, 0.50)	6.27E-11	0.44 (0.30, 0.61)	9.00E-07	0.13 (0.02, 0.86)	0.045
Salted nuts intake	NA	NA	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Unsalted nuts intake	NA	NA	0	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Salted peanuts intake	NA	NA	0	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Unsalted peanuts intake	NA	NA	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Average weekly red wine intake	0.0007	15.584	12	0.34 (0.25, 0.47)	1.90E-11	0.33 (0.24, 0.47)	7.03E-10	0.35 (0.04, 3.37)	0.388
Average weekly beer plus cider intake	0.0005	11.283	11	2.70 (2.00, 3.64)	6.54E-11	2.59 (1.75, 3.83)	1.82E-06	5.19 (0.73, 36.97)	0.134
Coffee intake	0.0017	23.483	26	1.22 (1.03, 1.44)	0.019	1.28 (1.06, 1.56)	0.010	1.43 (1.05, 1.94)	0.034
Tea intake	0.0025	33.827	28	1.12 (0.97, 1.29)	0.119	1.23 (1.04, 1.45)	0.014	1.32 (0.97, 1.80)	0.086
Milk intake	NA	NA	2	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Yogurt intake	NA	NA	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Cheese intake	0.0020	21.543	38	0.46 (0.39, 0.55)	3.73E-19	0.57 (0.47, 0.69)	8.65E-09	0.83 (0.33, 2.13)	0.704
Cereal intake	0.0012	16.373	27	0.45 (0.36, 0.57)	2.07E-11	0.49 (0.38, 0.63)	4.36E-08	0.58 (0.20, 1.64)	0.314
Non-oily fish intake	0.0002	13.416	5	2.41 (1.49, 3.91)	< 0.001	1.96 (1.06, 3.62)	0.033	13.70 (0.11, 1761.13)	0.368
Oily fish intake	0.0020	19.800	37	0.88 (0.76, 1.03)	0.122	0.89 (0.74, 1.08)	0.244	0.64 (0.32, 1.30)	0.227
Lamb intake	NA	NA	0	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Beef intake	0.0004	15.600	19	0.72 (0.56, 0.92)	0.001	0.80 (0.61, 1.05)	0.108	0.69 (0.25, 1.86)	0.470
Bread intake	0.0010	20.202	7	0.77 (0.49, 1.22)	0.271	0.57 (0.36, 0.91)	0.018	0.03 (0.00, 0.25)	0.022

SNPs: Single nucleotide polymorphisms; IVW: Inverse variance weighted; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; WM: Weighted median; GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease; NA: Not available.

Table 2 Heterogeneity and pleiotropy evaluations for genetically causal associations of 24 dietary intake with gastroesophageal reflux disease risk

Dietary intake	No. SNPs	Heterogeneity				Pleiotropy
		Q-MR Egger	Q-IVW	P-MR Egger	P-IVW	Intercept	SE	P value	MRPRESSO global test P
Pork intake	9	10.80	14.92	0.148	0.061	-0.028	0.018	0.146	0.091
Bacon intake	0	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Processed meat intake	12	22.74	25.39	0.012	0.008	0.023	0.022	0.306	0.01
Cooked vegetable intake	9	9.61	9.86	0.212	0.275	0.036	0.032	0.242	0.314
Salad / raw vegetable intake	10	7.800	9.26	0.453	0.414	-0.011	0.009	0.262	0.39
Fresh fruit intake	37	119.23	124.00	4.05E-11	1.35E-11	-0.007	0.006	0.245	< 0.001
Dried fruit intake	26	66.08	69.47	8.43E-06	4.61E-06	0.012	0.011	0.278	< 0.001
Salted nuts intake	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Unsalted nuts intake	0	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Salted peanuts intake	0	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Unsalted peanuts intake	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Average weekly red wine intake	12	24.28	24.28	0.007	0.012	-0.001	0.016	0.974	0.043
Average weekly beer plus cider intake	11	12.74	13.36	0.175	0.204	-0.008	0.012	0.525	0.32
Coffee intake	26	43.08	45.59	0.010	0.007	-0.003	0.003	0.249	0.008
Tea intake	28	52.56	55.47	0.002	0.001	-0.004	0.003	0.241	0.002
Milk intake	2	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Yogurt intake	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Cheese intake	38	80.85	84.39	2.70E-05	1.45E-05	-0.009	0.007	0.217	< 0.001
Cereal intake	27	60.22	60.77	9.74E-05	1.32E-04	-0.004	0.007	0.638	0.003
Non-oily fish intake	5	4.17	4.86	0.244	0.302	-0.018	0.026	0.531	0.376
Oily fish intake	37	56.19	57.51	0.013	0.013	0.004	0.005	0.369	0.015
Lamb intake	0	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Beef intake	19	4.43	11.58	0.619	0.115	0.031	0.012	0.037	0.138
Bread intake	7	42.02	42.04	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.007	0.928	0.002

SNPs: Single nucleotide polymorphisms; IVW: Inverse variance weighted; SE: Standard error.