Clinical and Translational Research
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2024. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Clin Cases. May 16, 2024; 12(14): 2370-2381
Published online May 16, 2024. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v12.i14.2370
Different effects of 24 dietary intakes on gastroesophageal reflux disease: A mendelian randomization
Yu-Xin Liu, Wen-Tao Yang, Yang Li
Yu-Xin Liu, Department of Oncology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China
Wen-Tao Yang, Department of Cardiovascular, Chengdu Integrated TCM & Western Medicine Hospital, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
Yang Li, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China
Author contributions: Liu Y contributed to conceptualization, methodology, investigation, validation, writing of the original draft, visualization of the data, and software; Yang W contributed to formal analysis of the data and provided supervision; Li Y contributed to funding acquisition, and reviewing and editing of the manuscript for important intellectual content.
Institutional review board statement: The study used public genome-wide association study statistics and did not collect new human data. Hence, ethical approval was not required by the ethics committee of the Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine.
Informed consent statement: The study used public genome-wide association study statistics and did not collect new human data. Hence, ethical approval was not required by the ethics committee of the Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Data sharing statement: All the data used in this study are available at https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk (accessed on 15 October 2023).
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Yang Li, Doctor, Doctor, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 37 Shierqiao Road, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China. 504895594@qq.com
Received: January 15, 2024
Revised: February 11, 2024
Accepted: April 2, 2024
Published online: May 16, 2024
Processing time: 110 Days and 18.5 Hours
Abstract
BACKGROUND

In observational studies, dietary intakes are associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

AIM

To conduct a two-sample mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to determine whether those associations are causal.

METHODS

To explore the relationship between dietary intake and the risk of GERD, we extracted appropriate single nucleotide polymorphisms from genome-wide association study data on 24 dietary intakes. Three methods were adopted for data analysis: Inverse variance weighting, weighted median methods, and MR-Egger's method. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to evaluate the causal association between dietary intake and GERD.

RESULTS

Our univariate Mendelian randomization (UVMR) results showed significant evidence that pork intake (OR, 2.83; 95%CI: 1.76-4.55; P = 1.84 × 10–5), beer intake (OR, 2.70, 95%CI: 2.00-3.64; P = 6.54 × 10–11), non-oily fish intake (OR, 2.41; 95%CI: 1.49-3.91; P = 3.59 × 10–4) have a protective effect on GERD. In addition, dried fruit intake (OR, 0.37; 95%CI: 0.27-0.50; 6.27 × 10–11), red wine intake (OR, 0.34; 95%CI: 0.25-0.47; P = 1.90 × 10-11), cheese intake (OR, 0.46; 95%CI: 0.39-0.55; P =3.73 × 10-19), bread intake (OR, 0.72; 95%CI: 0.56-0.92; P = 0.0009) and cereal intake (OR, 0.45; 95%CI: 0.36-0.57; P = 2.07 × 10-11) were negatively associated with the risk of GERD. There was a suggestive association for genetically predicted coffee intake (OR per one SD increase, 1.22, 95%CI: 1.03-1.44; P = 0.019). Multivariate Mendelian randomization further confirmed that dried fruit intake, red wine intake, cheese intake, and cereal intake directly affected GERD. In contrast, the impact of pork intake, beer intake, non-oily fish intake, and bread intake on GERD was partly driven by the common risk factors for GERD. However, after adjusting for all four elements, there was no longer a suggestive association between coffee intake and GERD.

CONCLUSION

This study provides MR evidence to support the causal relationship between a broad range of dietary intake and GERD, providing new insights for the treatment and prevention of GERD.

Keywords: Dietary; Gastroesophageal reflux disease; Mendelian randomization; Disease management; Randomized controlled trial

Core Tip: Through genetic prediction, this study demonstrated the protective effect of dried fruit, red wine, cheese, bread, and cereal intake against gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and the detrimental effects of pig, beer, and non-oily fish intake. Furthermore, even after accounting for body mass index, major depressive disorder, smoking, and alcohol consumption, the effect of genetically predicted dried fruit, red wine, cheese, and cereal on GERD persisted. Additionally, this study discovered that the consumption of tea, milk, yogurt, oily fish, beef, lamb, bacon, processed meat, cooked and raw vegetables, fresh fruit, salted and unsalted nuts, salted and unsalted peanuts, and cooked and raw vegetables were not linked to GERD.