Case Control Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2024.
World J Clin Cases. May 6, 2024; 12(13): 2160-2172
Published online May 6, 2024. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v12.i13.2160
Table 1 Comparison of general conditions between the colonic polyp group and the control group, n (%)
General information
Colonic polyp group (n = 204)
Control group (n = 135)
P value
Age (year)57.19 ± 9.4355.35 ± 8.790.072
BMI (kg/m2)23.82 ± 2.2823.52 ± 2.370.244
Gender0.054
Males114 (55.88)61 (45.19)
Females90 (44.12)74 (54.81)
ALT (U/L)18.00 (13.00, 26.00)17.00 (13.00, 24.00)0.277
AST (U/L)20.00 (17.00, 24.00)19.00 (16.00, 23.00)0.155
TC (mmol/L)4.49 ± 0.844.56 ± 0.910.463
BMI: Body mass index; ALT: Alanine transaminase; AST: Aspartate transaminase; TC: Total cholesterol; Reference value range: ALT 9-50U/L; AST 15-40U/L; TC 0.00-6.20 mmol/L.
Table 2 Detection results of serum bile acid profiles in the colonic polyp group and the control group (nmol/L)
BA components
Colonic polyp group (n = 204)
Control group (n = 135)
P value
Primary free BAs
        CA62.75 (24.33, 232.00)53.80 (27.60, 149.00)0.571
        CDCA382.50 (105.50, 851.50)294.00 (130.00, 625.00)0.164
Primary conjugated BAs
        TCA21.85 (5.50, 50.50)12.70 (1.50, 32.30)0.015a
        GCA166.50 (76.60, 330.00)126.00 (52.90, 234.00)0.025a
        GCDCA935.50 (430.50, 1967.50)708.00 (298.00, 1250.00)0.005a
        TCDCA74.35 (27.20, 164.50)41.60 (18.30, 119.00)0.006a
Secondary free BAs
        DCA142.00 (30.90, 424.25)234.00 (82.60, 502.00)0.011a
        LCA6.20 (0.13, 17.10)6.40 (0.60, 21.00)0.539
        UDCA73.70 (23.03, 221.50)70.70 (19.00, 199.00)0.545
Secondary conjugated BAs
        TDCA8.50 (0.05, 32.65)7.70 (0.00, 35.30)0.615
        GDCA113.50 (12.08, 248.50)125.00 (34.60, 335.00)0.274
        TLCA0.00 (0.00, 2.40)0.10 (0.00, 4.00)0.255
        GLCA4.60 (0.00, 16.35)5.40 (0.00, 18.10)0.399
        TUDCA7.65 (3.15, 15.00)8.20 (2.50, 15.00)0.369
        GUDCA137.50 (47.25, 343.00)122.00 (63.80, 283.00)0.604
aP < 0.05, there is a statistical difference in this indicator between the two groups.
BA: Bile acid; CA: Cholic acid; CDCA: Chenodeoxycholic acid; TCA: Taurocholic acid; GCA: Glycocholic acid; TCDCA: Taurochenodeoxycholic acid; GCDCA: Glycochenodeoxycholic acid; DCA: Deoxycholic acid; UDCA: Ursodeoxycholic acid; LCA: Lithocholic acid; TDCA: Tauroursodeoxycholic acid; GDCA: Glycodeoxycholic acid; TUDCA: Tauroursodeoxycholic acid; GUDCA: Glycoursodeoxycholic acid; TLCA: Taurolithocholic acid; GLCA: Glycolithocholic acid.
Table 3 Clinical and pathological parameters of colonic polyps in the polyp group
Group
Cases, n (%)
Pathological type
Adenomatous polyp
Tubular adenoma30 (14.71)
Villous tubular adenoma109 (53.43)
High grade intraepithelial neoplasia6 (2.94)
Non adenomatous polyp
Hyperplastic polyp59 (28.92)
Number of polyps
Single polyp73 (35.78)
Multiple polyps131 (64.22)
Size of polyp
Diameter < 1 cm169 (82.84)
Diameter ≥ 1 cm 35 (17.16)
Location of polyp
Left colon 114 (55.88)
Right colon 48 (23.53)
Total colon42 (20.59)
The polyp is pedicled or not
Pedicled polyp 22 (10.78)
Sessile polyp 182 (89.22)
If the patient has multiple polyps in the colon, the grouping of polyp size is based on the maximum polyp diameter in the colon; If there is a pedunculated polyp, it will be classified as a pedunculated group. Polyps can be seen in the ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon in the whole colon group. If proliferative polyps and adenomatous polyps coexist in the pathological report of polyps, they are classified as adenomatous polyps.
Table 4 Bile acid levels in colonic polyps of different pathological types (nmol/L)
Non adenomatous polyp group
Adenomatous polyp group
P value
Primary free BAs
        CA107.00 (39.50, 357.00)53.20 (20.35, 185.50)0.003a
        CDCA408.00 (191.00, 1130.00)373.00 (80.50, 785.00)0.034a
Primary conjugated BAs
        TCA24.80 (8.90, 71.50)20.10 (5.45, 45.80)0.189
        GCA160.00 (81.70, 423.00)174.00 (72.60, 326.00)0.676
        GCDCA866.00 (458.00, 2190.00)961.00 (397.00, 1785.00)0.465
        TCDCA113.00(40.70, 185.00)64.50 (24.60, 152.50)0.060
Secondary free BAs
        DCA182.00 (38.50, 448.00)118.00 (21.25, 401.00)0.226
        LCA5.30 (0.00, 16.80)6.70 (0.50, 17.20)0.588
        UDCA107.00 (49.00, 311.00)64.00 (16.15, 190.00)0.003a
Secondary conjugated BAs
        TDCA17.90 (2.50, 39.10)6.80 (0.00, 24.35)0.078
        GDCA135.00 (7.40, 398.00)107.00 (19.25, 229.00)0.593
        TLCA0.00 (0.00, 2.10)0.00 (0.00, 2.55)0.566
        GLCA4.40 (0.00, 20.30)4.60 (0.00, 15.50)0.646
        TUDCA11.70 (4.50, 20.10)6.50 (2.95, 15.00)0.023a
        GUDCA220.00 (58.10, 543.00)114.00 (43.55, 303.00)0.067
aP < 0.05, there is a statistical difference in this indicator between the two groups.
BA: Bile acid; CA: Cholic acid; CDCA: Chenodeoxycholic acid; TCA: Taurocholic acid; GCA: Glycocholic acid; TCDCA: Taurochenodeoxycholic acid; GCDCA: Glycochenodeoxycholic acid; DCA: Deoxycholic acid; UDCA: Ursodeoxycholic acid; LCA: Lithocholic acid; TDCA: Tauroursodeoxycholic acid; GDCA: Glycodeoxycholic acid; TUDCA: Tauroursodeoxycholic acid; GUDCA: Glycoursodeoxycholic acid; TLCA: Taurolithocholic acid; GLCA: Glycolithocholic acid.
Table 5 Bile acid levels in single polyp group and multiple polyps group (nmol/L)
Single polyp group
Multiple polyps group
P value
Primary free BAs
        CA92.40 (35.40, 275.50)59.70 (23.50, 170.00)0.067
        CDCA492.00 (193.50, 905.50)357.00 (84.80, 836.00)0.185
Primary conjugated BAs
        TCA23.50 (8.70, 47.35)20.20 (5.00, 52.10)0.809
        GCA203.00 (93.35, 330.00)157.00 (60.90, 342.00)0.363
        GCDCA1050.00 (506.50, 1945.00)881.00 (354.00, 2030.00)0.346
        TCDCA80.70 (29.70, 170.50)69.10 (25.10, 165.00)0.707
Secondary free BAs
        DCA119.00 (10.90, 401.00)145.00 (32.30, 437.00)0.588
        LCA5.50 (0.25, 15.50)6.70 (0.00, 17.60)0.715
        UDCA74.90 (33.15, 210.00)73.70 (17.20, 253.00)0.540
Secondary conjugated BAs
        TDCA7.60 (0.00, 24.70)11.20 (0.70, 36.10)0.371
        GDCA116.00 (10.60, 239.00)113.00 (12.70, 253.00)0.991
        TLCA0.00 (0.00, 2.10)0.00 (0.00, 2.80)0.520
        GLCA2.70 (0.00, 16.70)5.50 (0.00, 16.20)0.340
        TUDCA9.10 (3.05, 15.00)6.90 (3.30, 15.00)0.865
        GUDCA169.00 (47.20, 399.50)115.00 (47.10, 340.00)0.482
BA: Bile acid; CA: Cholic acid; CDCA: Chenodeoxycholic acid; TCA: Taurocholic acid; GCA: Glycocholic acid; TCDCA: Taurochenodeoxycholic acid; GCDCA: Glycochenodeoxycholic acid; DCA: Deoxycholic acid; UDCA: Ursodeoxycholic acid; LCA: Lithocholic acid; TDCA: Tauroursodeoxycholic acid; GDCA: Glycodeoxycholic acid; TUDCA: Tauroursodeoxycholic acid; GUDCA: Glycoursodeoxycholic acid; TLCA: Taurolithocholic acid; GLCA: Glycolithocholic acid.
Table 6 Bile acid levels in colonic polyps of different sizes (nmol/L)
Diameter < 1cm group
Diameter ≥ 1 cm group
P value
Primary free BAs
        CA55.80 (22.70, 200.00)155.00 (32.30, 343.00)0.005a
        CDCA365.00 (85.20, 835.00)586.00 (278.00, 1130.00)0.015a
Primary conjugated BAs
        TCA21.70 (5.50, 46.85)22.00 (11.50, 75.50)0.391
        GCA167.00 (84.05, 329.50)166.00 (57.50, 416.00)0.927
        GCDCA961.00 (389.00, 1845.00)900.00 (556.00, 2410.00)0.333
        TCDCA69.10 (24.05, 152.50)90.20 (40.70, 262.00)0.060
Secondary free BAs
        DCA127.00 (21.90, 389.00)274.00 (77.30, 525.00)0.063
        LCA5.50 (0.00, 16.15)8.50 (2.10, 21.60)0.163
        UDCA64.50 (16.75, 182.50)196.00 (52.70, 421.00)0.003a
Secondary conjugated BAs
        TDCA8.20 (0.00, 29.80)13.30 (3.10, 37.10)0.317
        GDCA108.00 (12.65, 235.00)144.00 (10.80, 324.00)0.610
        TLCA0.00 (0.00, 2.30)0.80 (0.00, 3.20)0.189
        GLCA4.60 (0.00, 15.80)2.50 (0.00, 21.20)0.736
        TUDCA7.00 (3.00, 15.00)14.10 (3.90, 34.60)0.034a
        GUDCA122.00 (42.95, 315.50)234.00 (59.00, 556.00)0.030a
aP < 0.05, there is a statistical difference in this indicator between the two groups.
BA: Bile acid; CA: Cholic acid; CDCA: Chenodeoxycholic acid; TCA: Taurocholic acid; GCA: Glycocholic acid; TCDCA: Taurochenodeoxycholic acid; GCDCA: Glycochenodeoxycholic acid; DCA: Deoxycholic acid; UDCA: Ursodeoxycholic acid; LCA: Lithocholic acid; TDCA: Tauroursodeoxycholic acid; GDCA: Glycodeoxycholic acid; TUDCA: Tauroursodeoxycholic acid; GUDCA: Glycoursodeoxycholic acid; TLCA: Taurolithocholic acid; GLCA: Glycolithocholic acid.
Table 7 Bile acid levels in different parts of polyps (nmol/L)
Left colon group
Right colon group
Total colon group
P value
Primary free BAs
        CA108.00 (24.53, 334.00)65.60 (48.23, 126.00)23.20 (11.05, 157.48)0.000a
        CDCA447.00 (130.25, 1000.00)448.00 (191.00, 813.00)135.50 (41.43, 678.00)0.047a
Primary conjugated BAs
        TCA20.75 (4.88, 53.78)34.70 (12.73, 58.85)15.00 (4.15, 39.43)0.148
        GCA156.50 (65.53, 342.25)257.00 (136.00, 373.00)134.00 (42.95, 204.00)0.006a
        GCDCA812.50 (334.00, 1822.50)1420.00 (764.00, 2387.50)655.50 (290.50, 1622.50)0.005a
        TCDCA73.95 (23.68, 154.25)110.00 (45.63, 257.00)64.20 (28.18, 125.50)0.060
Secondary free BAs
        DCA185.00 (48.85, 466.25)105.50 (3.18, 383.75)110.50 (18.08, 280.75)0.098
        LCA6.20 (0.68, 15.08)8.85 (0.00, 17.20)5.50 (0.00, 28.83)0.963
        UDCA73.55 (27.00, 209.50)102.50 (29.80, 212.75)46.45 (9.78, 252.75)0.314
Secondary conjugated BAs
        TDCA8.50 (1.25, 34.63)8.50 (0.00, 22.825)7.55 (0.00, 30.33)0.635
        GDCA122.50 (20.03, 278.50)118.00 (6.48, 242.00)86.70 (7.18, 213.75)0.464
        TLCA0.00 (0.00, 2.30)0.45 (0.00, 3.00)0.65 (0.00, 2.48)0.478
        GLCA4.60 (0.00, 15.90)3.35 (0.00, 18.25)5.85 (0.38, 19.28)0.555
        TUDCA9.10 (2.20, 15.00)6.40 (4.13, 15.00)6.75 (3.83, 15.00)0.933
        GUDCA113.00 (34.43, 341.00)228.50 (83.25, 514.50)112.00 (47.55, 308.75)0.064
aP < 0.05, there is a statistical difference in this indicator between the two groups.
BA: Bile acid; CA: Cholic acid; CDCA: Chenodeoxycholic acid; TCA: Taurocholic acid; GCA: Glycocholic acid; TCDCA: Taurochenodeoxycholic acid; GCDCA: Glycochenodeoxycholic acid; DCA: Deoxycholic acid; UDCA: Ursodeoxycholic acid; LCA: Lithocholic acid; TDCA: Tauroursodeoxycholic acid; GDCA: Glycodeoxycholic acid; TUDCA: Tauroursodeoxycholic acid; GUDCA: Glycoursodeoxycholic acid; TLCA: Taurolithocholic acid; GLCA: Glycolithocholic acid.
Table 8 Bile acid levels in colonic polyps with or without pedicle (nmol/L)
Pedicled polyp group
Sessile polyp group
P value
Primary free BAs
        CA420.00 (32.48, 791.00)59.80 (24.08, 173.00)0.006a
        CDCA711.00 (214.75, 2845.00)373.50 (94.68, 834.50)0.016a
Primary conjugated BAs
        TCA17.90 (11.00, 94.98)22.10 (5.30, 49.90)0.635
        GCA166.50 (92.35, 491.25)168.50 (73.75, 330.00)0.709
        GCDCA1230.00 (625.25, 2775.00)900.00 (413.25, 1860.00)0.096
        TCDCA111.50 (44.68, 307.50)68.15 (25.35, 162.00)0.075
Secondary free BAs
        DCA155.50 (0.68, 806.00)142.00 (34.03, 418.25)0.976
        LCA3.50 (0.00, 22.13)6.45 (0.50, 15.93)0.662
        UDCA228.00 (64.38, 454.75)64.90 (19.63, 196.50)0.003a
Secondary conjugated BAs
        TDCA13.90 (0.00, 56.58)8.15 (0.50, 30.33)0.539
        GDCA118.15 (0.00, 494.50)113.50 (18.50, 238.00)0.595
        TLCA0.25 (0.00, 3.78)0.00 (0.00, 2.30)0.540
        GLCA3.40 (0.00, 30.45)4.65 (0.00, 16.05)0.723
        TUDCA7.20 (4.15, 24.43)7.65 (3.08, 15.00)0.472
        GUDCA330.50 (133.75, 573.00)114.50 (44.40, 314.75)0.008a
aP < 0.05, there is a statistical difference in this indicator between the two groups.
BA: Bile acid; CA: Cholic acid; CDCA: Chenodeoxycholic acid; TCA: Taurocholic acid; GCA: Glycocholic acid; TCDCA: Taurochenodeoxycholic acid; GCDCA: Glycochenodeoxycholic acid; DCA: Deoxycholic acid; UDCA: Ursodeoxycholic acid; LCA: Lithocholic acid; TDCA: Tauroursodeoxycholic acid; GDCA: Glycodeoxycholic acid; TUDCA: Tauroursodeoxycholic acid; GUDCA: Glycoursodeoxycholic acid; TLCA: Taurolithocholic acid; GLCA: Glycolithocholic acid.
Table 9 Risk factors for colonic polyps: Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis
VariableUnivariate analysis
Multivariate analysis
OR (95%CI)
P value
OR (95%CI)
P value
TBA1.000 (1.000, 1.000)0.104
CA1.000 (1.000, 1.001)0.181
CDCA1.000 (1.000, 1.000)0.0461.001 (1.000, 1.001)0.073
DCA1.000 (1.000, 1.000)0.799
LCA1.000 (0.999, 1.001)0.636
UDCA1.000 (1.000, 1.001)0.329
GCA1.000 (1.000, 1.001)0.512
GCDCA1.000 (1.000, 1.000)0.0271.001 (1.000, 1.001)0.074
GDCA1.000 (0.999, 1.000)0.080
GLCA1.000 (0.999, 1.001)0.394
GUDCA1.000 (1.000, 1.001)0.154
TCA1.000 (0.998, 1.002)0.927
TCDCA1.00 1(0.999, 1.002)0.328
TDCA0.998 (0.995, 1.002)0.310
TLCA0.999 (0.989, 1.009)0.900
TUDCA1.005 (0.993, 1.018)0.413
primary BA1.000 (1.000, 1.000)0.0181.000 (0.999, 1.000)0.182
primary free BA1.000 (1.000, 1.000)0.053
primary conjugated BA1.000 (1.000, 1.000)0.071
secondary BA1.000 (1.000, 1.000)0.720
secondary free BA1.000 (1.000, 1,000)0.710
secondary conjugated BA1.000 (1.000, 1.000)0.363
BA: Bile acid; CA: Cholic acid; CDCA: Chenodeoxycholic acid; TCA: Taurocholic acid; GCA: Glycocholic acid; TCDCA: Taurochenodeoxycholic acid; GCDCA: Glycochenodeoxycholic acid; DCA: Deoxycholic acid; UDCA: Ursodeoxycholic acid; LCA: Lithocholic acid; TDCA: Tauroursodeoxycholic acid; GDCA: Glycodeoxycholic acid; TUDCA: Tauroursodeoxycholic acid; GUDCA: Glycoursodeoxycholic acid; TLCA: Taurolithocholic acid; GLCA: Glycolithocholic acid.