Burden of disability in type 2 diabetes mellitus and the moderating effects of physical activity

Table 1 Percentages of comorbid conditions associated with diabetes in the National Burden of Disease Study[27]

Diabetic-related comorbid conditions	Percent contribution to national burden of diseases in South Africa
Ischemic heart disease	14%
Stroke	10%
Hypertension	12%
Renal disease	12%

Table 2 Types of disability in diabetes

Ref.	Type of disability	Summary/remark
Dhamoon et al[33], 2014	Decline in function	1% mean decline in function per year was reported
Sakurai et al[34], 2012	ADL, IADL disability and functional impairment	After 6 years of follow-up, 13.6% of patients had developed a new ADL disability, and 38.3% had developed a new functional impairment
Gregg et al[70], 2000	Physical disability	Among subjects ≥ 60 yr of age with diabetes, 32% of females and 15% of males reported an inability to walk one-fourth of a mile, climb stairs, or do housework compared with 14% of females and 8% of males without diabetes
Gregg et al[38], 2002	Functional disability	The yearly incidence of any functional disability was 9.8% among females with diabetes and 4.8% among females without diabetes
Volpato et al[39,41], 2002; Volpato et al[41], 2010	Functional/lower extremity disability	Females with diabetes showed a greater prevalence of mobility disability, disabilities in ADLs, and severe walking limitation; their summary mobility performance score (0-12 scale, based on balance, gait speed, chair stands) was 1.4 points lower than in nondiabetic women
Maggi et al[42], 2004	ADLs and physical performance	The association between severe and/or total disability on the basis of physical performance tests and diabetes was strong in both sexes
Thein et al[44], 2018	ADL and IADL disability	Diabetes was associated with a significantly higher prevalence of CI and/or PF. PF and/or CI were associated with a considerably higher prevalence of IADL
Ahmad et al[47], 2022	Impaired physical function	Impaired physical function is a growing problem
Wong et al[48], 2013	Physical disability	Diabetes is associated with a strong increase in the risk of physical disability
Godino et al[63], 2017	Functional disability	Diabetes patients had a significantly greater burden of functional disability compared to those without diabetes
Malavige and Levy[64], 2009	Erectile dysfunction	A prevalence of erectile dysfunction from 35% to 90% among diabetic males was reported
Omidvar et al[67], 2013	Sexual dysfunction	The prevalence of sexual dysfunction was 32.3%. Low sexual desire was seen in 81.8%, disorders of arousal in 78.3%, orgasm disorder in 47.5%, and 35.1% had disorders in resolution areas

ADL: Activity of daily living; IADL: Instrumental activity of daily living; CI: Cognitive impairment; PF: Physical frailty.