Diagnosis, treatment protocols, and outcomes of liver transplant recipients infected with COVID-19

Table 1 The prevalence of coronavirus disease 2019 symptoms among liver transplantation recipients, as reported in the literature, n (%)

Ref.	Country	Design	Number of LT	Fever	Cough	Dyspnea	GIT symptoms	Fatigue or myalgia	Anosmia or dysgeusia
Becchetti et al[22], 2020	Switzerland	Prospective, multicenter	57	44 (79)	31 (55)	26 (46)	18 (33)	32 (56)	4 (7)
Loinaz et al[27], 2020	Spain	Retrospective, single center	19	(57.9)	(84.2)	(47.4)	(31.0)	NA	NA
Lee et al[28], 2020	United States	Retrospective, single center	38	23 (61)	21 (55)	13 (34)	16 (42)	11 (29) or 9 (24)	1 (3)
Webb et al[33], 2020	United Kingdom	Retrospective, multinational registry study, multicenter	151	NA	114 (77) respiratory symptoms	NA	45 (30)	NA	NA
Belli et al[23], 2021	Europe	Retrospective, European registry, multicenter	243	190 (78)	143 (59)	82 (34)	55 (23)	90 (37)	21 (9)
Colmenero et al[24], 2021	Spain	Prospective, multicenter	111	83 (75)	78 (70)	46 (41)	38 (34)	NA	NA
Dumortier et al[25], 2021	France	Retrospective, nationwide registry, multicenter	91	55 (60)	51 (56)	45 (50)	25 (27)	28 (31)	9 (10)
Becchetti et al[2], 2021		Meta-analysis	1076	(61.4)	(58.6)	(36.2)	(27.9)	NA	NA
Kulkarni et al[11], 2021		Meta-analysis	994	494 (49.70)	435 (43.86)	291 (29.27)	271 (27.26)	NA	NA
Guarino et al[26], 2022	Italy	Prospective, double center	30	14 (46.66)	11 (36.66)	8 (26.66)	5 (16.66)	11 (36.66)	11 (36.66) or 10 (33.33)
Jadaun et al[29], 2022	India	Prospective, single center	81	52 (76.5)	35 (52.2)	17 (25.8)	7 (10.6)	NA	NA

Data expressed as n (%). GIT: Gastrointestinal tract; LT: Liver transplantation; NA: Not available.

Table 2 Estimated mortality rates in liver transplantation recipients with coronavirus disease 2019 in the literature, n (%)

Ref.	Design	Origin	LT recipients with COVID-19	Mortality rate
Becchetti et al[22], 2020	Prospective, multicenter	Europe	57	7 (12.0)
Lee et al[28], 2020	Retrospective, single center	United States	38	7 (18.0)
Bhoori et al[48], 2020	Single center cohort study	Italy	111	3 (3.0)
Rabiee et al[66], 2020	Retrospective, multicenter	United States	112	25 (22.3)
Webb et al[33], 2020	Retrospective, multinational registry study, multicenter	International	151	28 (19.0)
Agnes et al[136], 2020	National survey, multicenter	Italy	24	5 (21.0)
Fraser et al[21], 2020	Systematic review and quantitative analysis	Europe	233	43 (19.3)
Ravanan et al[126], 2020	Multicenter national cohort study	United Kingdom	64	13 (20.3)
Loinaz et al[27], 2020	Retrospective, single center	Spain	19	2 (10.5)
Trapani et al[125], 2021	Nationwide population-based study	Italy	89	14 (15.7)
Belli et al[23], 2021	Retrospective, European registry, multicenter	Europe	243	49 (20.1)
Colmenero et al[24], 2021	Prospective, multicenter	Spain	111	20 (18.0)
Dumortier et al[25], 2021	Retrospective, nationwide registry, multicenter	France	91	19 (20.0)
Raszeja-Wyszomirska et al[137], 2021	Prospective, single center	Poland	81	2 (2.5)
Guarino et al[26], 2022	Prospective, double center	Italy	30	2 (6.7)

COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; LT: Liver transplantation; NA: Not available.