Local inflammatory response to gastroesophageal reflux: Association of gene expression of inflammatory cytokines with esophageal multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH data

Table 1 The results of multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH records in the studied groups

	Control, n = 10	EE, n = 20	NERD, n = 40	P value1
Total number of GERs, n, mean ± SD	25.1 ± 13.7	75.7 ± 27.5	59.1 ± 30.6	0.01
Acid GERs, n, mean ± SD	19.8 ± 11.4	40.3 ± 26.4	19.8 ± 9.7	0.004
Weak-acid GERs, n, mean ± SD	3.4 ± 2.5	25.4 ± 22.9	27.0 ± 25.1	0.97
Non-acid GERs, n, mean ± SD	1.9 ± 1.7	0.9 ± 1.0	2.4 ± 6.3	0.73
High GERs, %, mean ± SD	8.9 ± 8.0	46.5 ± 21.7	38.0 ± 21.4	0.28
AET, %, mean ± SD	2.3 ± 1.6	12.1 ± 3.7	9.1 ± 4.8	0.001
Mean pH, mean ± SD	6.3 ± 0.5	5.4 ± 0.4	5.8 ± 1.0	0.075

¹Comparison between erosive esophagitis and non-erosive form of gastroesophageal reflux disease groups.

EE: Erosive esophagitis; NERD: Non-erosive form of gastroesophageal reflux disease; SD: Standard deviation; AET: Acid exposure time at 5 cm above upper border of lower esophageal sphincter (mean values of рН < 4 per 24 h); GER: Gastroesophageal reflux; high GER: Proportion of gastroesophageal refluxes that reach the upper part of the esophagus (17 cm above upper border of lower esophageal sphincter).

Table 2 The results of gene expression analysis in groups of erosive esophagitis and non-erosive form of gastroesophageal reflux disease

	Control, n = 10	EE, n = 20	NERD, n = 40
IL-1β, log, mean ± SD	1.1 ± 0.2b,c	3.7 ± 0.4	3.8 ± 0.6
IL-10, log, mean ± SD	0.9 ± 0.1	1.4 ± 1.1	1.5 ± 1.8
IL-18, log, mean ± SD	2.1 ± 0.3b,c	5.9 ± 0.4	5.3 ± 1.1a
TNFA, log, mean ± SD	0.2 ± 0.1b,c	3.2 ± 0.4	3.1 ± 0.9
TLR4, log, mean ± SD	0.9 ± 0.2b,c	2.6 ± 0.7	2.5 ± 1.2
GATA3, log, mean ± SD	1.9 ± 0.2b	2.9 ± 0.9	2.2 ± 1.0a
CD68, log, mean ± SD	3.2 ± 1.3c	4.9 ± 0.6	5.0 ± 1.1
B2M, log, mean ± SD	4.0 ± 1.2	5.6 ± 0.6	5.5 ± 1.1

^aP < 0.05 vs erosive esophagitis group.

^bP < 0.05 vs group erosive esophagitis.

^cP < 0.05 vs group non-erosive form of gastroesophageal reflux disease.

EE: Erosive esophagitis; NERD: Non-erosive form of gastroesophageal reflux disease; SD: Standard deviation; IL-1β: Interleukin 1β; IL-10: Interleukin 10; IL-18: Interleukin 18; TNFA: Tumor necrosis factor α; TLR4: Toll-like receptor 4; GATA3: GATA binding protein 3; CD68: Differentiation cluster 68; B2M: β-2 microglobulin.

Table 3 Correlation coefficients (by Spearman’s rank R) between the results of 24-h multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH records and local expression of inflammatory cytokines

	No. of GERs	Acid GERs	Weak-acid GERs	Non-acid GERs	High GERs	Mean pH	AET
IL-1β	-0.02	0.14	-0.11	0.04	-0.03	-0.24	0.29a
IL-10	-0.15	-0.02	-0.16	0.02	0.01	-0.21	0.18
IL-18	0.01	0.06	-0.02	0.01	0.01	-0.28a	0.31a
TNFA	-0.03	0.08	-0.12	0.01	-0.12	-0.33a	0.35a
GATA3	0.04	0.15	-0.13	-0.1	0.02	-0.28a	0.34a
TLR4	-0.05	0.04	-0.15	0.06	-0.04	-0.28a	0.29a
CD68	0.01	0.05	-0.03	-0.01	-0.08	-0.39a	0.37a
B2M	0.04	0.10	-0.04	0.17	0.09	-0.26	0.34a

^aP < 0.05: Marked values are statistically significant.

GERs: Gastroesophageal refluxes; AET: Acid exposure time (proportion of time with pH < 4 per 24 h at 5 cm above upper border of lower esophageal sphincter); mean pH: Mean values of pH at 5 cm above upper border of lower esophageal sphincter; IL-1β: Interleukin 1β; IL-10: Interleukin 10; IL-18: Interleukin 18; TNFA: Tumor necrosis factor α; TLR4: Toll-like receptor 4; GATA3: GATA binding protein 3; CD68: Differentiation cluster 68; B2M: β-2 microglobulin.