Correlation between the warning symptoms and prognosis of cardiac arrest

doi:10.12998/wjcc.v10.i22.7738

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Aug 6, 2022 (publication date) through Jul 23, 2024

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World Journal of Clinical Cases

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Retrospective Study

World J Clin Cases. Aug 6, 2022; 10(22): 7738-7748
Published online Aug 6, 2022. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i22.7738

Table 1 Characteristics of the patients with and without symptoms

	All (n = 1021)	No symptoms (n = 348)	Symptoms (n = 673)	P value
Age, mean ± SD	64.1 ± 16.7	61.8 ± 17.4	65.2 ± 16.2	0.002^a
Male, n (%)	698 (68.4)	238 (68.4)	460 (68.4)	0.990
Pre-existing illness, n (%)
Hypertension	343 (33.6)	120 (31.3)	223 (33.1)	0.666
Coronary heart disease	238 (23.3)	72 (18.8)	166 (24.7)	0.154
Diabetes	204 (20.0)	67 (17.4)	137 (20.4)	0.676
Cerebral vascular disease	140 (13.7)	40 (10.4)	100 (14.9)	0.139
Malignancy	90 (8.8)	27 (7.0)	63 (9.4)	0.392
1 pre-existing illness	341 (33.4)	105 (24.7)	236 (35.1)	0.116
2 pre-existing illnesses	209 (20.5)	74 (19.3)	135 (20.1)	0.651
≥ 3 pre-existing illnesses	83 (8.1)	24 (6.3)	59 (8.8)	0.300
Location of SCA, n (%)				0.066
Out of hospital	383 (37.5)	144 (41.4)	239 (35.5)
In hospital	638 (62.5)	204 (58.6)	434 (64.5)
Initial shockable rhythm, n (%)	108 (10.6)	26 (7.5)	82 (12.2)	0.020^a
Cardiac etiology, n (%)	386 (37.8)	122 (35.1)	264 (39.2)	0.193
ROSC, n (%)	257 (25.2)	61 (17.5)	196 (29.1)	< 0.001^a
Survival to discharge, n (%)	71 (7.0)	9 (2.6)	62 (9.2)	< 0.001^a

^aP < 0.05.

SCA: Sudden cardiac arrest; ROSC: Restoration of spontaneous circulation.

Table 2 Resuscitation parameters and prognosis in patients with and without symptoms

	OHCA			IHCA
	No symptoms (n = 144)	Symptoms (n = 239)	P value	No symptoms (n = 204)	Symptoms (n = 434)	P value
Age, (mean ± SD)	60.8 ± 18.8	63.4 ± 17.7	0.174	62.5 ± 16.3	66.2 ± 15.2	0.005^a
Male, n (%)	106 (73.6)	175 (73.2)	0.933	132 (64.7)	285 (65.7)	0.812
Call before arrest, n (%)	0 (0.0)	195 (81.6)	< 0.001^a	—	—	—
Witness of cardiac arrest, n (%)			< 0.001^a			0.299
None	14 (9.7)	22 (9.2)	0.867	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
Family member	128 (88.9)	186 (77.8)	0.006^a	10 (4.9)	14 (3.2)
Health care provider	2 (1.4)	31 (13.0)	< 0.001^a	194 (95.1)	420 (96.8)
Bystander CPR, n (%)	7 (4.9)	37 (15.5)	0.002^a	194 (95.1)	420 (96.8)	0.299
No flow time, n (%)			0.002^a			0.189
1 to 4 min	4 (2.8)	28 (11.7)	0.002^a	204 (100.0)	427 (98.4)
5 to 10 min	4 (2.8)	16 (6.7)	0.095	0 (0.0)	3 (0.7)
> 10 min	136 (94.4)	195 (81.6)	< 0.001^a	0 (0.0)	4 (0.9)
Initial shockable rhythm, n (%)	7 (4.9)	19 (7.9)	0.244	19 (9.3)	63 (14.5)	0.067
Cardiac etiology, n (%)	77 (53.5)	140 (58.6)	0.329	45 (22.1)	124 (28.6)	0.082
ROSC, n (%)	19 (13.2)	57 (23.8)	0.011^a	42 (20.6)	139 (32.0)	0.003^a
Survival to discharge, n (%)	49 (2.8)	16 (6.7)	0.095	5 (2.5)	46 (10.6)	< 0.001^a

^aP < 0.05.

OHCA: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest; IHCA: In-hospital cardiac arrest; CPR: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation; ROSC: Restoration of spontaneous circulation.

Table 3 Warning symptoms in patients with sudden cardiac arrest

Symptom, n (%)	Sex			Age			Etiology			Outcome
Symptom, n (%)	Male (n = 460)	Female (n = 213)	P value	< 60 yr (n = 225)	≥ 60 yr (n = 448)	P value	Cardiac (n = 264)	Noncardiac (n = 409)	P value	Survival to discharge (n = 62)	Death to discharge (n = 611)	P value
Dyspnea	211 (45.9)	117 (54.9)	0.029^a	101 (44.9)	227 (50.7)	0.157	110 (41.7)	218 (53.3)	0.003^a	27 (43.5)	301 (49.3)	0.391
Chest pain	96 (20.9)	27 (12.7)	0.011^a	50 (22.2)	73 (16.3)	0.061	117 (44.3)	6 (1.5)	< 0.001^a	21 (33.9)	102 (16.7)	0.001^a
Unconsciousness	67 (14.6)	35 (16.4)	0.530	38 (16.9)	64 (14.3)	0.374	19 (7.2)	83 (20.3)	< 0.001^a	8 (12.9)	94 (15.4)	0.604
Paralysis	23 (5.0)	6 (2.8)	0.195	9 (4.0)	20 (4.5)	0.780	3 (1.1)	26 (6.4)	0.001^a	3 (4.8)	26 (4.3)	0.829
Vomiting	20 (4.3)	7 (3.3)	0.514	7 (3.1)	20 (4.5)	0.399	5 (1.9)	22 (5.4)	0.025^a	1 (1.6)	26 (4.3)	0.312
Abdominal pain	10 (2.2)	8 (3.8)	0.237	4 (1.8)	14 (3.1)	0.307	2 (0.8)	16 (3.9)	0.013^a	0 (0.0)	18 (2.9)	0.171
Seizure	13 (2.8)	2 (0.9)	0.123	6 (2.7)	9 (2.0)	0.586	3 (1.1)	12 (2.9)	0.123	2 (3.2)	13 (2.1)	0.577
Dysphonia	6 (1.3)	7 (3.3)	0.082	4 (1.8)	9 (2.0)	0.837	1 (0.4)	12 (2.9)	0.019^a	0 (0.0)	13 (2.1)	0.246
Palpitation	8 (1.7)	2 (0.9)	0.425	3 (1.3)	7 (1.6)	0.817	4 (1.5)	6 (1.5)	0.960	0 (0.0)	10 (1.6)	0.310
Dizziness	4 (0.9)	1 (0.5)	0.574	2 (0.9)	3 (0.7)	0.755	0 (0.0)	5 (1.2)	0.071	0 (0.0)	5 (0.8)	0.475
Syncope	1 (0.2)	1 (0.5)	0.576	0 (0.0)	2 (0.4)	0.316	0 (0.0)	2 (0.5)	0.255	0 (0.0)	2 (0.3)	0.652
Headache	1 (0.2)	0 (0.0)	0.496	1 (0.4)	0 (0.0)	0.158	0 (0.0)	1 (0.2)	0.421	0 (0.0)	1 (0.2)	0.750

^aP < 0.05.

Citation: Zheng K, Bai Y, Zhai QR, Du LF, Ge HX, Wang GX, Ma QB. Correlation between the warning symptoms and prognosis of cardiac arrest. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10(22): 7738-7748
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2307-8960/full/v10/i22/7738.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v10.i22.7738