Dexmededomidine in pediatric unilateral internal inguinal ring ligation

Table 1 Comparison of baseline data among the three groups

Variable	D group (n = 125)	DS group (n = 126)	S group (n = 126)	P
Sex (male), n (%)	119 (95.2)	117 (92.9)	118 (93.7)	0.85
Age (yr)	12.62 ± 1.88	13.07 ± 2.24	12.60 ± 1.78	0.26
Body weight (kg)	83.9 ± 2.02	84.1 ± 1.96	84.1 ± 1.99	0.83
Blood pressure (mmHg)	49.3 ± 3.64	49.3 ± 3.39	49.3 ± 3.44	0.98
Respiration (times/min)	24.5 ± 2.01	24.1 ± 1.97	24.6 ± 1.87	0.21
Heart rate (beats/min)	113.2 ± 5.03	112.4 ± 5.16	113.2 ± 4.79	0.37
FLACC score (points)	5.0 ± 0.48	5.0 ± 0.52	4.9 ± 0.52	0.30
PAED score (points)	10.0 ± 1.00	9.9 ± 1.42	9.8 ± 1.00	0.22
Ramsay score (points)	1.2 ± 0.37	1.2 ± 0.39	1.2 ± 0.37	0.80
CPS score (points)	3.0 ± 0.53	3.0 ± 0.56	2.9 ± 0.48	0.81

D group: Dexmededomidine group; DS group: Dexmededomidine + sufentanil group; S group: Sufentanil group; FLACC: Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, and Consolability; CPS: Cole 5-point scale score.

Table 2 Comparison of Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, and Consolability pain score of children at different time points among the three groups

Time	D group (n = 125)	DS group (n = 126)	S group (n = 126)	P
Postoperative 2 h	3.6 ± 0.63	3.4 ± 0.72	3.4 ± 0.76	0.143
Postoperative 2 h (≤ 3), n (%)	48 (38.4)	59 (46.8)	58 (46.0)	0.332
Postoperative 4 h	1.9 ± 0.64	1.9 ± 0.70	1.8 ± 0.76	0.558
Postoperative 6 h	0.1 ± 0.45	0.2 ± 0.53	0.2 ± 0.57	0.350
Postoperative 8 h	0.0 ± 0.18	0.0 ± 0.00	0.0 ± 0.35	0.608
Postoperative 12 h	0.0 ± 0.18	0.0 ± 0.00	0.0 ± 0.35	0.608
Postoperative 24 h	0.0 ± 0.18	0.0 ± 0.00	0.0 ± 0.35	0.608

D group: Dexmededomidine group; DS group: Dexmededomidine + sufentanil group; S group: Sufentanil group.

Table 3 Comparison of PAED scores of children at different time points among the three groups (points)

Time	D group (n = 125)	DS group (n = 126)	S group (n = 126)	P
Postoperative 2 h	8.1 ± 1.56	7.6 ± 1.64	8.3 ± 1.53b	0.005
Postoperative 4 h	2.1 ± 1.79	2.0 ± 1.76	4.4 ± 3.08a,b	< 0.001
Postoperative 6 h	0.5 ± 1.16	1.3 ± 1.01a	1.4 ± 1.07a	< 0.001
Postoperative 8 h	0.0 ± 0.00	0.0 ± 0.00	0.0 ± 0.00	> 0.999
Postoperative 12 h	0.0 ± 0.00	0.0 ± 0.00	0.0 ± 0.00	> 0.999
Postoperative 24 h	0.0 ± 0.00	0.0 ± 0.00	0.0 ± 0.00	> 0.999

^aP < 0.05 (Bonferroni adjusted) compared to dexmededomidine group.

^bP < 0.05 (Bonferroni adjusted) compared to dexmededomidine + sufentanil group.

D group: Dexmededomidine group; DS group: Dexmededomidine + sufentanil group; S group: Sufentanil group.

Table 4 Comparison of satisfactory degree to Ramsay sedation score (sedation scores of 2 or 3 points) of children at different time points among the three groups, n (%)

Time	D group (n = 125)	DS group (n = 126)	S group (n = 126)	P
Postoperative 2 h	107 (85.6)	105 (83.3)	87 (69.0)a,b	0.005
Postoperative 4 h	127 (100.0)	122 (96.8)	106 (84.1)a,b	< 0.001
Postoperative 6 h	127 (100.0)	127 (100.0)	120 (95.2)a,b	0.001
Postoperative 8 h	127 (100.0)	127 (100.0)	126 (100.0)	> 0.999
Postoperative 12 h	127 (100.0)	127 (100.0)	126 (100.0)	> 0.999
Postoperative 24 h	127 (100.0)	127 (100.0)	126 (100.0)	> 0.999

^aP < 0.05 (Bonferroni adjusted) compared to dexmededomidine group.

^bP < 0.05 (Bonferroni adjusted) compared to dexmededomidine + sufentanil group.

D group: Dexmededomidine group; DS group: Dexmededomidine + sufentanil group; S group: Sufentanil group.

Table 5 Comparison of satisfactory degree to Cole 5-point scale score sedation score (Cole 5-point scale score > 2) of children at different time points among the three groups (points, mean ± SD), n (%)

Time	D group (n = 125)	DS group (n = 126)	S group (n = 126)	P
Postoperative 2 h	107 (85.6)	109 (86.5)	87 (69.0)a,b	0.001
Postoperative 4 h	65 (52.0)	56 (44.4)	68 (54.0)	0.299
Postoperative 6 h	106 (84.8)	105 (83.3)	95 (75.4)	0.149
Postoperative 8 h	127 (100.0)	127 (100.0)	126 (100.0)	> 0.999
Postoperative 12 h	127 (100.0)	127 (100.0)	126 (100.0)	> 0.999
Postoperative 24 h	127 (100.0)	127 (100.0)	126 (100.0)	> 0.999

^aP < 0.05 (Bonferroni adjusted) compared to dexmededomidine group.

^bP < 0.05 (Bonferroni adjusted) compared to dexmededomidine + sufentanil group.

D group: Dexmededomidine group; DS group: Dexmededomidine + sufentanil group; S group: Sufentanil group.

Table 6 Comparison of postoperative incidence of nausea and vomiting of children in different groups, n (%)

	D group (n = 125)	DS group (n = 126)	S group (n = 126)
Nausea	4 (3.2)	18 (14.3)	10 (7.9)
Vomit	0 (0.0)	8 (6.3)	2 (1.6)

D group: Dexmededomidine group; DS group: Dexmededomidine + sufentanil group; S group: Sufentanil group.