Nonfunctional bladder paraganglioma misdiagnosed as hemangioma: A case report

Table 1 Clinical manifestations and related examination results of paraganglioma of the urinary bladder

Clinical manifestations	Most nonfunctional PUB have no obvious symptoms; functional PUB is often accompanied by posturination syndrome such as hypertension and palpitations
Radiology
Ultrasound	Hypoechoic or isoechoic mass in two-dimensional, hypervascular mass by color Doppler ultrasound.
CT	Unenhanced scan showed a round mass that was convex to the cavity, with obvious enhancement in the arterial phase during enhancement and weak enhancement in the delayed phase
MRI	All tumors exhibited slight hyperintensity on T1WI and hyperintensity with "salt and pepper" appearance on T2WI, with a strong high signal on DWI
Nuclear medicine	131I MIBG SPECT/CT combines the functional and morphological changes of PUB, with high sensitivity and specificity
Laboratory tests	Some may have increased 24-h urinary catecholamines and urinary VMA
Cystoscopy	Occurs in the lateral wall, posterior wall, anterior wall and the top of the bladder; there is no obvious abnormality in early examination, but in the late stage, it is often accompanied by hyperemia, calcification or necrosis of the bladder mucosa

PUB: Paraganglioma of the urinary bladder; VMA: Vanillylmandelic acid; CT: Computed tomography; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; MIBG: Metaiodobenzyl guanidine.