Retrospective Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2022.
World J Clin Cases. May 26, 2022; 10(15): 4799-4809
Published online May 26, 2022. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i15.4799
Table 1 Pediatric critical illness score
Parameter
Age < 1 yr
Age ≥ 1 yr
Scores
Heart rate (beats/min)< 80 or > 180< 60 or > 1604
80-100 or 160-18060-80 or 140-1606
OthersOthers10
Blood pressure (systolic) [kPa (mmHg)]< 7.5 (55) or > 17.3 (130)< 8.7 (65) or > 20 (150)4
7.5-8.7 (55-65) or 13.3-17.3 (100-130)8.7-10 (65-75) or 17.3-20 (130-150)6
OthersOthers10
Breathing rate (breaths/min)< 20 or > 70 or irregular breathing< 15 or > 60 or irregular breathing4
20-25 or 40-7015-20 or 35-606
OthersOthers10
PaO2 [kPa (mmHg)] (no oxygen inhalation)< 6.7 (50)4
6.7-9.3 (50-70)6
Others10
pH< 7.25 or > 7.554
7.25-7.30 or 7.50-7.556
Others10
Na+ (mmol/L)< 120 or > 1604
120-130 or 150-1606
Others10
K + (mmol/L)< 3.0 or > 6.54
3.0-3.5 or 5.5-6.56
Others10
Scr (μmol/L)> 1594
106-1596
Others10
BUN (mmol/L)> 14.34
7.1-14.36
Others10
Hb (g/L)< 604
60-906
Others10
Digestive system symptomsStress ulcer bleeding and intestinal paralysis4
Stress ulcer bleeding6
Others10
Table 2 The pediatric early warning score

0
1
2
3
BehaviorPlaying; alert; appropriate; at baselineSleeping; fussy but consolableIrritable/inconsolableLethargic; confused; reduced response to pain
Cardiovascular statusPink cap refill 1-2 sGray; cap refill 3 sGray; cap refill 4 s; tachycardia of 20 beats/min above the normal rateGray; mottled; cap refill 5 s; tachycardia of 30 beats/min above the normal rate; bradycardia
Respiratory statusWithin normal parametersGreater than 10 breaths/min above normal parameters; accessory muscle use; 30% FiO2; 3 liters/minuteGreater than 20 breaths/min above normal parameters; retractions; 40% FiO2; 6 liters/minute; tracheostomy- and ventilator- dependentBelow normal parameters with retractions; grunting; 50% FiO2; 8 liters/minute
Table 3 Comparison of clinical characteristics between survivors and non-survivors (n = 113)
Variable
Survivors
Non-survivors
P value
Age (yr), n (%)0.003
≤ 3 yr22 (25.6)0 (0.0)
3-6 yr (not including 3 yr)12 (13.4)3 (11.1)
6-12 yr (not including 6 yr)27 (31.2)10 (37.0)
> 12 yr25 (29.1)14 (51.9)
Sex, n (%)0.039
Female41 (47.7)19 (70.4)
Male45 (52.3)8 (29.6)
Cause of intoxication, n (%)0.585
Accidental68 (79.1)20 (74.1)
Suicide18 (20.9)7 (25.9)
Time to blood purification, n (%)0.185
< 6 h3 (5.0)2 (8.7)
6-12 h12 (20.0)7 (30.4)
12-24 h (not including 12 h)13 (21.7)5 (21.7)
> 24 h32 (53.3)9 (39.1)
Time to consultation, n (%)0.191
< 6 h28 (32.6)11 (40.7)
6-24 h22 (25.6)6 (22.2)
> 24 h36 (41.9)10 (37.1)
Vomiting, n (%)30 (34.9)19 (70.4)0.001
Abdominal pain, n (%)14 (16.3)9 (33.3)0.055
Oral ulcer, n (%)32 (37.2)16 (66.7)0.043
Gastrointestinal bleeding, n (%)3 (3.5)5 (18.5)0.001
WBC count (× 109/L)11.27 ± 4.5715.45 ± 7.150.007
PLT count (× 109/L)267.79 ± 102.52222.48 ± 79.150.038
ALT [M (P25, P75)]32.5 (25, 42)99 (41, 494)< 0.001
AST [M (P25, P75)]28 (20, 40)108 (38, 295)< 0.001
Albumin (g/L)44.34 ± 5.3340.54 ± 6.230.002
Glucose (mmol/L)6.60 ± 3.436.75 ± 1.310.805
Na+ (mmol/L)137.04 ± 4.84133.84 ± 6.490.024
K+ (mmol/L)3.72 ± 0.583.70 ± 0.6680.882
Scr (mmol/L)74.17 ± 74.70441.04 ± 267.86< 0.001
BUN (mmol/L)7.62 ± 6.6523.06 ± 14.99< 0.001
PEWS, n (%)< 0.001
066 (78.6)9 (33.3)
112 (14.0)9 (33.3)
25 (5.8)3 (11.1)
31 (1.1)3 (11.1)
41 (1.1)0 (0.0)
≥ 51 (1.1)3 (11.1)
PCIS95.57 ± 6.3383.85 ± 7.74< 0.001
≤ 70, n (%)0 (0.0)2 (7.4)
71-80, n (%)6 (69.8)9 (33.3)
> 80, n (%)80 (93.0)16 (59.3)
Table 4 Analysis of mortality due to paraquat poisoning using multivariate logistic regression (n = 113)
Variables
β Coefficient
SE
Odds ratio (95%CI)
P value
ALT 0.0240.0101.024 (1.003-1.045)0.022
PCIS-0.1510.0460.860 (0.785-0.942)0.001
Table 5 Predictive value of risk factors for mortality in children with acute paraquat poisoning (n = 113)
Predictive factors
Sensitivity (%)
Specificity (%)
AUROC (95%CI)
Youden index
P value
ALT59.2696.510.814 (0.730-0.881)0.557< 0.001
PCIS92.3082.210.905 (0.836-0.952)0.774< 0.001
ALT and PCIS92.5987.210.937 (0.875-0.974)0.798< 0.001