Alterations in blink and masseter reflex latencies in older adults with neurocognitive disorder and/or diabetes mellitus

doi:10.12998/wjcc.v10.i1.177

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World Journal of Clinical Cases

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Clin Cases. Jan 7, 2022; 10(1): 177-188
Published online Jan 7, 2022. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i1.177

Table 1 Demographic and clinical data by study group

Items	Total (n = 227)	Control (n = 122)	T2DM (n = 58)	ND (n = 21)	ND plus T2DM (n = 26)
Age, yr	72.1 ± 8.4	70.0 ± 6.9	70.8 ± 7.7	80.4 ± 11.3	77.9 ± 7.5^b
Women	168 (74.0% )	93 (76.2%)	40 (69.0%)	18 (85.7%)	17 (65.4%)
Neuropsy score	92.5 ± 26.2	104.2 ± 15.0	99.2 ± 18.1	56.0 ± 16.7	49.3 ± 19.3^b
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	121.5 ± 17.4	120.0 ± 17.8	125.0 ± 17.3	121.0 ± 12.3	120.9 ± 19.0
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	67.5 ± 8.0	67.5 ± 8.0	68.3 ± 8.4	66.6 ± 7.6	66.6 ± 7.5
Hypertension	102 (44.9%)	53 (43.4%)	37 (63.8%)	5 (23.8%)	7 (26.9%)^b
Illiterate	38 (16.7%)	18 (14.8%)	4 (6.9%)	7 (33.3%)	9 (34.6%)^b
Dependent	51 (22.5%)	16 (13.1)	13 (22.4%)	16 (76.2)	17 (65.4%)^b
Depression	51 (22.4%)	22 (18.0%)	14 (24.1%)	9 (42.8%)	6 (23.0%)
Glucose (mg/dL)	116.0 ± 40.9	101.4 ± 14.9	147.4 ± 62.5	98.5 ± 19.9	130.0 ± 34.9^b
Glycosylated hemoglobin (%)	5.5 ± 1.9	4.6 ± 0.8	7.0 ± 2.5	4.5 ± 1.3	6.2 ± 2.8^b
Glycosylated hemoglobin (mmol/L)	37 ± 21	27 ± 9	53 ± 27	26 ± 14	45 ± 24^b
Creatinine (mg/dL)	1.0 ± 0.4	0.9 ± 0.2	1.1 ± 0.5	0.9 ± 0.2	1.2 ± 0.5^a
Glomerular filtration (< 90 mL/min/1.73 m²)	200 (88.1%)	104 (85.2%)	51 (87.9%)	19 (90.4%)	26 (100)

Values are presented as the mean and standard deviation; the rest of the data are presented as percentages.

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

P value, one-way ANOVA test or Chi-squared test. T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; ND: Neurocognitive disorder.

Table 2 Brainstem reflexes compared by degree of neurocognitive disorder

Latency		Subgroup	ND
Latency		Subgroup	Mild (n = 14)	Moderate (n = 19)	Severe (n = 14)
Left	R1 (ms)	All (n = 47)	12.0 (10.4-12.8)	12.0 (10.8-12.5)	11.6 (10.5-12.8)
		With T2DM (n = 21)	12.1 (10.4-12.4)	12.2 (10.8-12.6)	10.9 (10.3-11.7)
		Without T2DM (n = 26)	12.4 (10.1-13.8)	12.0 (11.2-12.4)	12.8 (11.1-14.3)
	R2 (ms)	All (n = 47)	36.3 (28.5-38.0)	37.7 (35.6-41.4)	39.0 (37.9-41.2)
		With T2DM (n = 21)	28.5 (26.3-35.2)¹^,²	40.6 (36.0-43.8)	39.1 (38.4-41.2)^b
		Without T2DM (n = 26)	37.8 (37.5-41.4)	37.3 (34.5-40.1)	38.1 (37.4-43.8)
	R2c (ms)	All (n = 47)	36.4 (30.8-39.3)	37.8 (36.7-40.9)	39.0 (37.4-41.3)
		With T2DM (n = 21)	30.8 (24.3-35.2)²	38.0 (37.1-40.9)	39.3 (37.7-41.3)^a
		Without T2DM (n = 26)	39.3 (37.7-44.8)	37.0 (35.6-40.0)	38.1 (37.4-43.4)
Right	R1 (ms)	All (n = 47)	11.5 (10.8-11.7)	12.3 (11.5-12.8)	38.4 (3.6-40.2)
		With T2DM (n = 21)	11.0 (10.3-11.5)	11.7 (10.2-12.4)	11.1 (10.4-12.2)
		Without T2DM (n = 26)	11.7 (11.5-12.3)	12.5 (11.5-12.8)	11.9 (11.1-12.3)
	R2 (ms)	All (n = 47)	36.0 (29.4-37.1)²	38.4 (34.7-41.3)	38.0 (37.6-40.9)^a
		With T2DM (n = 21)	29.4 (24.6-34.4)¹^,²	38.4 (36.7-41.3)	37.6 (37.2-39.9)^b
		Without T2DM (n = 26)	37.1 (36.3-38.6)	38.5 (33.2-40.8)	39.8 (37.9-43.2)
	R2c (ms)	All (n = 47)	35.9 (27.9-39.0)	38.3 (35.7-40.4)	38.0 (37.6-40.9)
		With T2DM (n = 21)	27.9 (26.4-33.5)²	38.7 (36.7-40.4)	37.7 (36.9-40.9)^a
		Without T2DM (n = 26)	38.3 (36.4-39.0)	37.5 (33.1-40.4)	38.0 (37.7-42.8)
Masseter reflex (ms)		All (n = 30)	4.3 (3.1-4.8)	4.5 (3.4-5)	4.5 (3.0-5.1)
		With T2DM (n = 21)	4.2 (4.1-4.4)	4.5 (2.8-5.2)	4.5 (3.0-5.1)
		Without T2DM (n = 9)	4.5 (3.1-4.8)	4.3 (3.5-4.9)	-

¹Mild vs moderate.

²Mild vs severe.

Data are presented as the median (25%-75%). The P value was calculated using the Kruskal-Wallis test.

^aP <0.05.

^bP < 0.01, post hoc using the Tukey test.

ND: Neurocognitive disorder; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Table 3 Altered blink reflex latencies

Latencies of blink reflex	R1	R2	R2c	R2 plus R2c
Control (n = 122)	1.6%	0.8%	0.8%	0.8%
T2DM (n = 58)	1.7%	8.6%	6.8%	6.8%
ND (n = 21)	0	9.5%	14.2%	4.8%
ND plus T2DM (n = 26)	11.5%	19.2%	23.0%	19.2%
P value¹	0.032	< 0.0001	0.007	0.007

¹Chi-squared test or Fisher test with three degrees of freedom.

Right and left sides are presented together. T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; ND: Neurocognitive disorder.

Citation: Bricio-Barrios JA, Ríos-Bracamontes E, Ríos-Silva M, Huerta M, Serrano-Moreno W, Barrios-Navarro JE, Ortiz GG, Huerta-Trujillo M, Guzmán-Esquivel J, Trujillo X. Alterations in blink and masseter reflex latencies in older adults with neurocognitive disorder and/or diabetes mellitus. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10(1): 177-188
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2307-8960/full/v10/i1/177.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v10.i1.177