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©The Author(s) 2022. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
Alterations in blink and masseter reflex latencies in older adults with neurocognitive disorder and/or diabetes mellitus
Jaime Alberto Bricio-Barrios, Eder Ríos-Bracamontes, Mónica Ríos-Silva, Miguel Huerta, Walter Serrano-Moreno, José Enrique Barrios-Navarro, Genaro Gabriel Ortiz, Miguel Huerta-Trujillo, José Guzmán-Esquivel, Xóchitl Trujillo
Jaime Alberto Bricio-Barrios, José Enrique Barrios-Navarro, Miguel Huerta-Trujillo, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Colima, Mexico
Eder Ríos-Bracamontes, José Guzmán-Esquivel, General Hospital Zone #1, Mexican Social Security Institute, Villa de Alvarez 28983, Colima, Mexico
Mónica Ríos-Silva, Miguel Huerta, Walter Serrano-Moreno, Xóchitl Trujillo, University Biomedical Research Center, University of Colima, Colima 28045, Colima, Mexico
Mónica Ríos-Silva, University Biomedical Research Center, CONACYT, Colima 28045, Colima, Mexico
Genaro Gabriel Ortiz, Department of Philosophical and Methodological Disciplines, University Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
Author contributions: Bricio-Barrios JA and Guzmán-Esquivel J contributed to the conceptualization, methodology, and software; Ríos-Bracamontes E, Serrano-Moreno W, Ortiz GG, and Huerta-Trujillo M contributed to the data curation, and methodology; Ríos-Silva M and Huerta M contributed to the conceptualization, methodology, review, and editing; Barrios-Navarro JE contributed to the methodology and the validation; Trujillo X contributed to the conceptualization, review, and editing.
Institutional review board statement: The study was reviewed and approved by the Bioethics Committee of the State Institute of Cancerology (CEICANCL131216-BIOALZR-11).
Informed consent statement: All study participants, or their legal guardians, provided informed written consent prior to study enrollment.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors report no potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article.
STROBE statement: The authors have read the STROBE Statement-checklist of items, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the STROBE Statement-checklist of items.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See:
https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Corresponding author: Xóchitl Trujillo, PhD, Research Scientist, University Biomedical Research Center, University of Colima, Av. 25 de Julio #965, Col. Villas San Sebastian, Colima 28045, Colima, Mexico.
rosio@ucol.mx
Received: March 12, 2021
Peer-review started: March 12, 2021
First decision: July 28, 2021
Revised: July 30, 2021
Accepted: November 25, 2021
Article in press: November 25, 2021
Published online: January 7, 2022
Processing time: 293 Days and 7.2 Hours
ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS
Research background
Blink and masseter reflex techniques provide reliable and quantifiable data of the central nervous system function: Delayed latencies have been found in patients with neurocognitive disorder (ND) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but this has not been studied in patients with both pathologies.
Research motivation
The clinical implication is that brainstem reflexes could be linked with ND progression in the presence of T2DM.
Research objectives
To investigate if older adults with ND plus T2DM have prolonged latencies of the blink and masseter reflexes, and therefore assess if the brainstem reflexes could be linked with ND progression in the presence of T2DM.
Research methods
This cross-sectional study included 227 older adults (> 60 years old) from Colima, Mexico. Neurodegenerative disorder was identified by a neuropsychological battery test, and T2DM through medical history, fasting glucose, and glycosylated hemoglobin. Latencies in the R1, R2, and R2c components of the blink reflex were analyzed for all subjects, and 183 subjects were analyzed for latency of the masseter reflex.
Research results
Older adults with ND plus T2DM had delayed latencies of the blink reflex responses R1, R2, and R2c. In older adults with ND vs controls, the masseter reflex latency was prolonged. Additionally, age, sex, education, and dependence altered blink reflex latency in ND patients, while T2DM control, depression, and renal damage did not alter blink reflex latency.
Research conclusions
Older adults with ND and T2DM have longer latencies of the blink reflex components compared with healthy controls.
Research perspectives
Further studies could separate the study groups according to the presence or not of organic damage by T2DM.
