Primary liver actinomycosis in a pediatric patient: A case report and literature review

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Primary hepatic actinomycosis is a rare infection that can be clinically confused with hepatic pyogenic abscesses or neoproliferative processes. Only a few cases of primary hepatic actinomycosis in children have been reported in the English literature.

CASE SUMMARY

We describe a pediatric patient with primary hepatic actinomycosis that involved the base of the right lung and anterior abdominal wall and skin. The patient was diagnosed via histological examination of spontaneously drained material. The patient was successfully treated with an exploratory laparotomy and right posterior segmentectomy of the liver, combined with antibiotic treatment. Following surgery, the patient remains in excellent condition, without evidence of recurrence at the time of drafting this report. To summarize the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of primary hepatic actinomycosis, 18 case reports in English were reviewed.

CONCLUSION

We conclude that actinomycosis clinically features a chronic onset, nonspecific symptoms, and a primarily histologic diagnosis. Prolonged antibiotic treatment combined with invasive intervention provides a good prognosis.

Key Words: Actinomycosis, Child, Abscess, Liver, Case report

Core Tip: Actinomyces are considered natural commensals in the gastrointestinal tract and seldom involved in abdominal infection. We present herein a rare pediatric case of primary hepatic actinomycosis that involved a pulmonary abscess and the anterior abdominal wall and skin. In our case, after diagnosis is made histologically, we chose cefoperazone sulbactam as the main antibiotic treatment which eventually led to a good prognosis when combined with invasive intervention. This case highlights the ultimate importance of early suspect on special infection when normal antibiotic treatment failed and proper antibiotic treatment with surgery are essential in successful treatment for actinomycosis.

INTRODUCTION

Most liver abscesses in children are pyogenic in nature, and amoebic liver abscesses account for 80% of liver abscess cases[1]. Staphylococcus is the leading cause of pyogenic liver abscesses in most cases[1]. Actinomyces are natural commensals in the oral cavity and upper gastrointestinal tract[2]. Primary hepatic actinomycosis is a very rare condition that can clinically be confused with hepatic abscesses or neoproliferative processes[3-5]. Only a few pediatric cases of primary hepatic actinomycosis have been previously reported in the English literature. We describe a pediatric case of primary hepatic actinomycosis that involved a pulmonary abscess and the anterior abdominal wall and skin. We also reviewed previously reported cases of hepatic actinomycosis to emphasize the importance of surgery in its diagnosis and treatment.

CASE PRESENTATION

Chief complaints

A 9-year-old Chinese girl presented to our hospital in April 2017. She complained of cough and recurrent fever of 38 °C-39 °C during the previous month.

History of present illness

The patient's symptoms started 1 mo previous with recurrent fever.

History of past illness

She was diagnosed with an upper respiratory tract infection and treated with antipyretic drugs. However, she showed no improvement after 4 wk of treatment. We discovered a mass in the right upper abdomen and right chest during the last 4 d of the treatment. We recorded her detailed history, but no significant medical history or predisposing factors were noted.

Personal and family history

The parents deny any family history of infectious diseases.

Physical examination

Physical examination revealed a large mass involving both the lower part of the right chest and right upper abdomen, with obvious tenderness in the liver; the respiratory sounds in the right side were weaker than those in the contralateral side.

Laboratory examinations

Laboratory investigation revealed a white blood cell count (WBC) of 24.5/nL (normal range: 4-10/nL), neutrophil 82%, hemoglobin 70 g/L (normal range: 120-160 g/L), hematocrit 24.6%, C-reactive protein (CRP) 177 mg/L (normal range: < 10 mg/L). Alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase were within normal range, whereas albumin was 29.6 g/L (normal range: 40-55 g/L). The tumor marker levels were as follows: carbohydrate antigen-125 (CA-125) 45.5 U/mL (normal range: 0-35 U/mL); carcinoembryonic antigen, CA-153, CA-199, alpha-fetoprotein, and squamous cell carcinoma antigen levels were with the normal range. No amoebae were found in the stool smear. Serology for hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis D, hepatitis E, and human immunodeficiency virus were negative.

Imaging examinations

Computed tomography (CT) of her chest revealed a patchy shadow with blurred edges, uneven density in the lower region of the right lung, and thickening of the pleura and chest wall with indistinct intercostal muscles. CT of the abdomen with intravenous contrast revealed a hypodense nonhomogeneous solid lesion (5.2 cm × 7.2 cm × 5.5 cm) in the right lobe of the liver, with obvious enhancement (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Chest and abdominal computed tomography images before antibiotic treatment. A and B: The lung window (A) and soft-tissue (B) window of chest computed tomography (CT). Patchy enhanced density with blurred edges and uneven density showed in the right lower lung, with pleural effusion and pleural thickening on the right side. Soft tissue swelling was displayed in the right thoracic and abdominal wall; C and D: Plain scan (C) and arterial phase (D) of abdominal CT. The lesion was 5.2 cm × 7.2 cm × 5.5 cm in the S7 segment of the liver. The central density of the lesion was slightly lower, but the central enhancement of the lesion on arterial phase was obvious surrounded by a low-density ring. Hyperperfusion is seen around the lesion.

Further diagnostic work-up

Although the patient's medical history and imaging results indicated an infection, we could not exclude the possibility of malignancy due to the tendency toward invasion and elevated level of CA-125. Therefore, we performed a bone marrow aspiration to exclude any pediatric malignancy, but the results were negative. An ultrasound-guided fine-needle biopsy of the lesion was performed to confirm the diagnosis and causative pathogen. While awaiting the pathological results, the patient was prescribed cefoperazone sodium and sulbactam sodium (intravenous drip; q12h; 50 mg/kg) for 2 wk. During the treatment, the symptoms gradually relieved, and laboratory examinations such as WBC and CRP showed declined levels, supporting the diagnosis of an infectious disease. One week later, pathological histology demonstrated a necrotic lesion in the liver tissue with an infiltration of macrophages and granulocytes, sulfur granules, and gram-positive filamentous bacteria forming radiating aggregates (Figure 2).

Figure 2 Histological diagnosis showing Actinomyces colonies (asterisk) in sample tissue (hematoxylin and eosin stain, original magnification × 400).

FINAL DIAGNOSIS

The final diagnosis of the presented case is spontaneous liver abscess due to Actinomyces.

TREATMENT

Typical histological features confirmed the infection of Actinomyces. However, both biopsy and blood culture were negative, even after culturing the pathogen for 2 wk. The patient continued treatment with cefoperazone sodium and sulbactam sodium because her condition was improving, despite the fact that cefoperazone sodium and sulbactam sodium are not typically the first-line of anti-Actinomyces treatment. After 4 wk of intravenous antibiotic therapy, her CRP level reduced to 14.7 mg/L, and the WBC count was 12.6/nL. The patient was discharged with a prescription of oral antibiotics. During follow-ups over the next 3 mo, the patient's symptoms were relieved and both CRP level and WBC were within the normal ranges. However, CT scan showed no reduction in the size of the liver abscess, although pleural effusion was totally reabsorbed. To evaluate the chest condition, we consulted a respiratory specialist, who performed a bronchofibroscopy and found no focus in the chest. Subsequently, we performed a partial hepatectomy to fully eliminate the infected lesion.

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

The patient was discharged at 7 d following the successful surgery and was prescribed oral antibiotics for 1 year. At the time of drafting this report, she had no discomfort, and no signs of recurrence were noted during the recent follow-up.

DISCUSSION

Liver involvement in actinomycosis is relatively rare, accounting for 5% of all actinomycosis and 15% of all abdominal actinomycosis cases[6,7]. Development of hepatic actinomycosis is usually secondary because the liver plays a significant role in abdominal organ drainage. Primary hepatic actinomycosis is believed to occur directly or hematogenically (portal vein or hepatic artery) from an intraabdominal focus, although the source of the infection cannot be located[3,8]. In this article, we have reported a pediatric case of primary liver actinomycosis and reviewed 18 case reports of primary hepatic actinomycosis. The previously reported cases included patients aged 20-86 years, indicating that this is the first report of primary hepatic actinomycosis in a pediatric patient (Tables 1 and 2). The majority of patients (84%, 16/19) were males; all female patients[4,5,8] were aged > 40 years.

Table 1 Summary of data on reports of primary hepatic actinomycosis in English language.

Ref.	Age (yr)	Sex	Manifestation	Involved segment	Diagnostic methods	Antibiotics and total duration
Yang et al[12]	55	M	UAP, LW	S2, S3 and S4	Left lobe resection/histology	PG, 4 wk
Eve[19]	60	M	UAP	UN	Autopsy/histology	UN
Zeng et al[11]	38	M	UAP, fever	Left lobe	Hepatectomy/histology	Cefoperazone, 7 d
Vargas et al[20]	64	M	UAP, anorexia, LW	S2, S3	Hepatectomy/histology	ACA, 6 mo
Miyamoto and Fang[23]	30	M	Fever, Chills, headache	Right lobe	Percutaneous drainage/pathogen	PG, Clindamycin, Doxycycline, 3 mo
Felekouras et al[2]	53	M	Fever, Chills	Right lobe	Right posterior segmentectomy/histology	Ciprofloxacin, 6 wk
Lange et al[5]	73	F	Fever, UAP, LW	S7, S8	Biopsy guided by US/histology	Amoxicillin, 9 mo
Kanellopoulou et al[16]	70	M	Fever, LW, anorexia	Multifocal	Biopsy guided by US/histology	AS + oral Amoxicillin, 2 wk
Yamada et al[13]	20	M	Fever, UAP	Right lobe	Hepatectomy/histology	Erythromycin, chlortetracycline, sulfonamide and streptomycin, duration not mentioned

ACA: Amoxycillin clavulanic acid; AS: Amoxicillin-sulbactam; F: Female; LW: Lose weight; M: Male; PG: Penicillin G; S2, S3, etc.: Liver segmented by Couinaud method; UAP: Upper abdominal pain; UN: Unmentioned; US: Ultrasound.

Table 2 Summary of data on reports of primary hepatic actinomycosis in English language.

Ref.	Age (yr)	Sex	Manifestation	Involved segment	Diagnostic methods	Antibiotics and total duration
Culafić et al[4]	50	F	Fever, UAP, LW	Right lobe	Hepatectomy/histology	Benzylpenicillin + oral Amoxicillin, 7.5 mo
Sugano et al[18]	86	M	Fever, anorexia	Right lobe	Biopsy guided by US/histology + pathogen	Minocycline, Piperacillin, Ampicillin, 4 mo
Sharma et al[14]	34	M	Fever, UAP	Right lobe	Biopsy guided by CT/histology	Clindamycin, Ceftriaxone, 5 mo
Wayne et al[17]	65	M	Fever	S5, S6	Hepatectomy/histology	Doxycycline, 6 mo
Cetinkaya et al[3]	40	M	UAP, LW	Multifocal (right + left lobe)	Drainage/histology	PG, 3 mo
Kasano et al[6]	41	M	UAP	Right lobe	Surgery/histology	UN
Ha et al[15]	57	M	No symptom	Multifocal	Laparotomy biopsy/histology	PG, Ceftriaxone + oral Amoxicillin, 17 wk
Wong et al[21]	Case 1 46/Case 2 59	M/M	Fever/UAP	Multifocal/right lobe	Drainage/pathogen	PG, duration not mentioned
Kocabay et al[8]	40	F	Fever, LW, fatigue	S7, S8	Hepatectomy/histology	PG + oral Amoxicillin, 7.5 mo
Our case	9	F	Fever, LW, abdominal mass	Right lobe	Histology	Cefoperazone sodium and sulbactam sodium, 4 wk, + oral Amoxicillin, 1 yr

ACA: Amoxycillin clavulanic acid; AS: Amoxicillin-sulbactam; CT: Computed tomography; F: Female; LW: Lose weight; M: Male; PG: Penicillin G; S2, S3, etc.: Liver segmented by Couinaud method; UAP: Upper abdominal pain; UN: Unmentioned; US: Ultrasound.

Actinomycosis clinically features a chronic onset with nonspecific symptoms, contributing to a difficulty in diagnosis. It typically takes 1-3 mo before patients present to a clinic for further investigation. Fever, weight loss, and anemia, which are nonspecific symptoms and provide little information for a differential diagnosis, are the most common complaints[9]. The immune condition of the host in human actinomycosis has been controversial in international literature. Because most reported cases did not have any immunosuppressive or possibly predisposing factors, the attention has been focused on trying to determine the nature of the initial pathological factor leading to the transformation of normal flora into an invasive pathogen.

One explanation may be attributed to multipathogen infections. It has been reported that approximately 60%-90% of actinomycosis infections are caused by multiple bacterial flora, of which the most commonly isolated were Bacteroides, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, or Pseudomonas[10]. In our literature review, 43% (3/7) of patients with a positive etiology were infected by multiple pathogens, such as Streptococcus milleri, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Proteus mirabilis. Multipathogen infections may be important in the invasion process; for instance, in the liver, which is an oxygen-rich organ, anaerobic actinomycosis may initiate the invasion process, based on the anoxic microenvironment and lead by aerobic bacteria[11]. Our patient presented with fever and weight loss without immunosuppression factors; thus, it was confusing whether the patient had an infection or showed signs of malignancy. Therefore, we performed a biopsy and made a histologic diagnosis. This is a common challenge in actinomycosis cases because 13/19 cases were suspected to be malignant, and biopsy or surgery were performed to obtain the final diagnosis, leading to a prolonged admission period and higher costs.

An appropriate diagnosis can be confirmed as soon as the histological or cytological evidence is confirmed. However, histological diagnosis is more frequent than cytological diagnosis because 89% (17/19) of cases in this review were histologically diagnosed[2-6,8,11-20], whereas none of the cases successfully isolated Actinomyces. Furthermore, none of the blood cultures were positive with Actinomyces. This may be attributed to the fact that Actinomyces species require a prolonged period of strict anaerobic conditions to grow, whereas typical microscopic findings are more accessible in laboratory settings. Moreover, previous antibiotic therapy may be responsible for a negative result.

Appropriate antibiotic therapy is fundamental in the treatment of actinomycosis; however, the traditional treatment duration has been facing a number of challenges recently. Traditional opinions insisted that prolonged administration (6-12 mo) and high doses (to facilitate drug penetration in the abscess and in infected tissues) of penicillin G or amoxicillin should be the first choice of treatment, providing a good prognosis[5,11,21]. However, Lange et al[5] also reported a case exhibiting drug resistance after prolonged therapy reminding surgeons to attempt to shorten the duration of antibiotic treatment as much as possible to avoid drug resistance. In addition, two cases also demonstrated that a relatively short treatment course can still result in a successful outcome. Valour et al[22] demonstrated that the duration of antimicrobial therapy could likely be shortened to 3 mo in patients who have undergone optimal surgical resection of infected tissues was performed. In a case with a small focus in the left lobe of the liver, even 7 d of intravenous cefoperazone with surgical resection led to a good result[11]. In a polymicrobial case, antibiotic therapy should include agents with efficient antibiotic activity against the associated pathogens[14]. In our case, through successful partial hepatectomy and a 3-mo antibiotic regimen, the patient recovered fully and showed no recurrence on ultrasound scanning during follow-up.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, primary hepatic actinomycosis is rare and has been reported sporadically. Actinomycosis clinically features a chronic onset and nonspecific symptoms; its diagnosis is primarily histologic. Prolonged antibiotic treatment combined with invasive intervention are the first treatment options that provide a good prognosis.