SMAC exhibits anti-tumor effects in ECA109 cells by regulating expression of inhibitor of apoptosis protein family

Abstract

BACKGROUND

The poor prognosis and rising incidence of esophageal cancer highlight the need for improved therapeutics that are essential prior to treatment. LCL161 is an SMAC (second mitochondrial activator of caspases) mimic and inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) antagonist which exhibits anti-tumor effects and improves the chemical sensitivity of many cancers.

AIM

To ascertain the effects and mechanisms of the SMAC analog LCL161 on esophageal cancer cells.

METHODS

MTT assay and TUNEL assay were used to detect cell proliferation and apoptosis, respectively. Western blot analysis was used to study the molecular mechanisms of LCL161-induced death of ECA109 cells.

RESULTS

LCL161 decreased ECA109 cell proliferation in dose- and time-dependent manner and induced apoptosis of ECA109 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Also, LCL161 induced a significant decrease in the expression of the XIAP and significant increase in the expression of Caspase-3. In addition, Bax increased significantly with increasing concentrations of LCL161, and the relative expression of Bax was significantly different between groups.

CONCLUSION

These findings support the hypothesis that LCL161 can inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in esophageal cancer cells by regulating the expression of IAP family members, suggesting that it has potential to be an effective treatment for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Key Words: SMAC; Esophageal cancer; ECA109 cell; Apoptosis protein; Inhibitor of apoptosis protein family

Core Tip: The poor prognosis and rising incidence of esophageal cancer highlight the need for improved therapeutics that are essential prior to treatment. The aim of this study was to explore the mechanisms by which SMAC (second mitochondrial activator of caspases) mimic inhibits proliferation and induce apoptosis in ECA109 esophageal cancer cells. The findings support the hypothesis that LCL161 can inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in esophageal cancer cells by regulating the expression of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins family members, suggesting that it has potential to be an effective treatment for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

INTRODUCTION

Esophageal cancer is one of the most lethal forms of malignancy worldwide, and there has been a dramatic increase in the incidence of esophageal cancer over the past few decades[1]. Esophageal cancer has two main subtypes: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma. More than 90% of esophageal cancer cases worldwide are ESCC, which is currently predominant in China[2]. Despite improvements in the management and treatment of esophageal cancer patients, the diagnosis of ESCC at advanced or late stages means that most ESCC patients have no alternative but to receive chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and adjuvant treatments. The general outcome remains very poor in terms of the overall 5-year survival rate (approximately 10%)[3]. Considering the strong potential for invasion and metastasis, the poor prognosis of esophageal cancer highlights the need to determine the factors that affect the prognosis and recurrence or metastasis.

At present, tumor cell apoptosis processes have received widespread attention. SMAC (second mitochondrial activator of caspases) is a mitochondrial protein that interacts with inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) and, upon apoptosis initiation, is released into the cytoplasm to inhibit the caspase-binding activity of IAPs, including XIAP, IAP1, IAP2, and survivin[4,5]. Previous reports have indicated that the SMAC mimic LCL161 significantly inhibits the proliferation and induces the apoptosis of lung cancer, liver cancer, leukemia, breast cancer, and other tumor cells[6-8]. Furthermore, SMAC has been demonstrated to be a predictive factor in many cancers treated with chemotherapy[4,9-12]. These results suggest that the expression of SMAC in tumor cells may predict a good response to anticancer processes. However, few studies have focused on the effects of SMAC mimics on cell proliferation and apoptosis in esophageal cancer.

Therefore, in this study, we used MTT assay, TUNEL assay, and Western blot analysis of the expression of XIAP, Caspase-3, and Bax to explore the mechanisms by which SMAC mimic inhibits proliferation and induce apoptosis in ECA109 esophageal cancer cells.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Cell line, culture condition, and reagents

Human ESCC cell line ECA109, which was purchased from Shanghai Cell Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences, was cultured in RPMI-1640 medium (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, United States) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (Gibco) and 100 μg/mL penicillin-streptomycin. The cells were maintained at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO₂. LCL161 (cat. No. 16169) was purchased from MedChemExpress (MedChemExpress, Monmouth Junction, NJ, United States). The TUNEL kit, thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT), and DMSO were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, United States). Antibodies against XIAP, Bax, and Caspase-3 were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology.

MTT assay

Cell proliferation was detected by MTT assay according to the manufacturer's protocol. Cells in logarithmic growth phase were used for experiments. ECA109 cells were seeded into 96-well plates and treated with different concentrations of LCL161 (5, 10, and 20 mmol/L) for 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. Subsequently, 20 μL of MTT (5 mg/mL) reagent was added into each well, and the plates were incubated for 4 h at the incubator chamber. Then, the supernatants were gently aspirated and 200 μL of DMSO was added. Absorbance was measured at 490 nm with a microplate reader (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, United States). Cells in each group were plated in triplicate; three independent experiments were performed.

TUNEL assay

Cell apoptosis was detected by TUNEL assay according to the manufacturer's protocol. ECA109 cells were seeded on coverslips and incubated with serum-free medium for 48 h. Cells were treated with different concentrations of LCL161 (5, 10, and 20 mmol/L) or DMSO for 24 h. After dewaxing and rehydrating with xylene and ethanol, ECA109 cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS (pH 7.4) for 1 h at 25 °C, blocked with 3% H₂O₂ for 10 min, and permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 sodium citrate solution for 3 min. Apoptotic cells were labelled by TUNEL assay, and cell nuclei were labelled with DAPI. Images (magnification × 40) were obtained using a BX43 fluorescence microscope (Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), and apoptotic cells were analyzed with ImageJ software, each with five randomly selected fields.

Western blot analysis

Cells treated with different concentrations of LCL161 (5 and 10 mmol/L) for 48 h were lysed using RIPA buffer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). Total protein was quantified with a BCA kit (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Haimen China). Subsequently, 50 µg of denatured protein per lane was subjected to SDS-PAGE on 12% polyacrylamide gels and then transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes. Following blocking with 5% skim milk in TBS containing 0.05% Tween-20 for 1 h at room temperature, the membranes were incubated with primary antibodies against XIAP, Bax, Caspase-3, and β-actin at 4 °C overnight. After washing with TBST, the corresponding fluorescently labelled secondary antibodies were incubated with the membranes at room temperature for 1.5 h. The proteins were detected using the Luminata Forte Western HRP substrate (EMD Millipore) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Band intensity was analyzed using ImageJ software.

Statistical analysis

SPSS version 19.0 software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, United States) was used for statistical analyses. Significance was determined using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons. All values are expressed as the mean ± SD (n ≥ 3). P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

Effects of LCL161 on viability and proliferation of ECA109 cells

The cytotoxicity of LCL161 against ECA109 cells was evaluated by MTT assay. As shown in Figures 1 and 2, the exposure of ECA109 cells to various concentrations of LCL161 (5, 10, and 20 mmol/L) for 24, 48, and 72 h were detected by MTT assay. After LCL161 treatment, the proliferation rates of the three groups changed obviously. At each time point, the proliferation rate of ECA109 cells in the LCL161 groups was significantly decreased compared with the control group (P < 0.05; Figure 1). Additionally, the proliferation of ECA109 cells in the LCL161 groups decreased with time (P < 0.05; Figure 2). These results showed that LCL161 decreased ECA109 cell proliferation in dose- and time-dependent manner.

Figure 1 Proliferation of ECA109 cells in the control group and treatment groups at different time points. Proliferation of ECA109 cells decreased with the increase in the concentration of LCL161 (P < 0.05). A: 24 h time point; B: 48 h time point; C: 72 h time point.

Figure 2 Proliferation of ECA109 cells in the control group and treatment groups with different concentration of LCL161. Proliferation of ECA109 cells decreased in the 5 mmol/L, 10 mmol/L, and 20 mmol/L groups compared to the control group (P < 0.05) at different time points (24 h, 48 h, and 72 h). A: Control group; B: 5 mmol/L LCL161 treatment group; C: 10 mmol/L LCL161 treatment group; D: 20 mmol/L LCL161 treatment group.

Effects of LCL161 on apoptosis of ECA109 cells

We next investigated whether LCL161 inhibits the proliferation of ECA109 cells, and whether LCL161 could promote ECA109 cell apoptosis by using TUNEL staining. As shown in Figure 3A, the apoptotic rate of ECA109 cells in the control group, 5 mmol/L, 10 mmol/L, and 20 mmol/L LCL161 groups were 7.73 + 0.78, 8.88 + 0.83, 33.13 + 2.26, and 48.67 + 6.50, respectively. The apoptotic cells in the LCL161 groups were significantly increased compared with those in the control group (P < 0.05). Additionally, the apoptosis rate of ECA109 cells was significantly higher in the 20 mmol/L group than in the control, 5 mmol/L, and 10 mmol/L groups (P < 0.001). However, the apoptotic cells significantly increased with the increase of drug concentration. Together, these TUNEL staining results indicated that LCL161 induced apoptosis of ECA109 cells in a dose-dependent manner.

Figure 3 Effects of LCL161 on apoptosis of ECA 109 cells. Serum-starved ECA109 cells were stimulated with LCL161 (5-20 mmol/L) for 24 h. A: The cell apoptosis was assayed by using TUNEL staining. Magnification × 40; B: Bar graphs showing mean percentage of DAPI-stained ECA109 nuclei that were TUNEL-positive following treatment with different concentrations of LCL161. ^cP < 0.001 vs control.

Effects of LCL161 on apoptotic signals

Abnormal regulation of cell apoptosis is related to the occurrence and progression of tumor. To further find the underlying mechanism of apoptosis-promoting effect of LCL161, the expression of XIAP, Caspase-3, and Bax was observed by Western blot. In this part, 20 mmol/L LCL161 was not included in the study due to the large apoptosis of cells. As shown in Figure 4, LCL161 induced a significant decrease in the expression of XIAP and significant increase in the expression of Caspase-3, which is necessary for their apoptosis-promoting effects. In addition, Bax increased significantly with increasing concentrations of LCL161, and the relative expression of Bax was significantly different between groups, consistent with activation of the mitochondria-mediated internal apoptosis pathway.

Figure 4 Effects of LCL161 on apoptotic signals. Serum-starved ECA109 cells were stimulated with LCL161 (5-20 mmol/L) for 48 h. A: The expression of XIAP, Caspase-3, and Bax was measured by Western blot; B-D: Bar graphs showing quantitative analysis of Western blot analysis (B: XIAP; C: Caspase-3; D: Bax). The bands of proteins were normalized to those of β-actin. mean ± SD. ^aP < 0.05 vs control, ^cP < 0.001 vs control, ^dP < 0.01 vs 5 mmol/L group, ^eP < 0.001 vs 5 mmol/L group.

DISCUSSION

Esophageal cancer ranks eighth among the most common cancers and sixth in terms of cancer-related mortality worldwide[1]. Unfortunately, the current therapeutic options for ESCC are far from satisfactory due to its strong potential for invasion and metastasis and its poor prognosis. Therefore, effective therapeutic agents urgently need to be developed. Previous reports have suggested that the SMAC mimic LCL161 inhibits the proliferation and induces the apoptosis of liver cancer, leukemia, breast cancer, and other tumor cells[6,7]. Previously, our team demonstrated that SMAC overexpression significantly inhibited A549 cell invasion and promoted apoptosis, providing a potential approach for the biological therapy of lung cancer[8]. Furthermore, our reports also revealed that the overexpression of SMAC increased the sensitivity of esophageal cancer ECA109 and A549 cells to chemotherapy[11,12]. Thus, we hypothesized that SMAC would also exert antitumor effects on ECA109 cells. Our present results support our hypothesis and show that the SMAC mimic LCL161 has a significant antitumor effect.

SMAC contains factors that reduce various aspects of tumorigenicity. In the current study, we confirmed that the SMAC mimic LCL161 decreased ECA109 cell proliferation in dose- and time-dependent manner and induced ECA109 cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner, consistent with previous reports[11,13]. SMAC is an endogenous IAP antagonist that promotes apoptosis by removing the inhibition of Caspase by IAP. LCL161 is a small molecule analog of SMAC that can be taken orally and is an IAP inhibitor. LCL161 has a high affinity for IAPs to hydrolyze them, activate Caspases, and then induce apoptosis[13].

Apoptosis plays a key role in maintaining the homeostasis of cell proliferation and cell death, and disorder of its regulatory mechanism is generally considered an important marker of tumors[14]. Many factors are involved in the regulation of cell apoptosis, among which IAPs, a key negative regulator of apoptotic pathways, play an important role in tumor development[15]. Members of the IAP family are endogenous inhibitors of the Caspase family that can inhibit apoptosis by binding to Caspases via a highly conserved baculovirus IAP sequence[16]. Among the IAP family, XIAP has the strongest inhibitory effect on apoptosis, and its binding to Caspase-3 can cause it to lose its original activity and prevent apoptosis[17]. The SMAC protein activates Caspase-3 and other Caspases, granule B, calpain, and the tissue albumin lysis protein Bid through the death receptor apoptosis pathway. Afterwards, Bid is transferred to the mitochondria, which enhances the expression of the apoptotic protein Bax and increases the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane, thereby promoting the release of SMAC[18-21]. SMAC can specifically bind the apoptotic inhibitor XIAP, relieve the inhibitory effect of XIAP on Caspase-3, and release activated Caspase-3, thus promoting the occurrence of apoptosis[17]. The results of our study showed that the expression levels of the XIAP protein in the control group and in the 5 mmol/L and 10 mmol/L LCL161 groups decreased successively, while the expression levels of the Bax and Caspase-3 proteins increased successively, suggesting that LCL161 could upregulate the expression of Bax and Caspase-3 and inhibit the expression of XIAP, thereby inducing apoptosis of ECA109 cells.

There are few experiments on cell function verification. In this study, cell proliferation and apoptosis were confirmed only by MTT and TUNEL assays. Transwell and scratch experiments also confirmed the effect of LCL161 on the migration and infiltration of ECA109 cells. Flow cytometry can also be added to verify apoptosis. The mechanism studies were relatively superficial, and only the key proteins of IAPS family were verified by Western blot. Genomics can be used to find the key molecules involved in the mechanism of action.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, our results confirmed that the SMAC mimic LCL161 decreased ECA109 cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner and induced ECA109 cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, changes in the apoptotic signals of XIAP, Caspase-3, and Bax provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of ESCC with LCL161.

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS

Research background

The poor prognosis and rising incidence of esophageal cancer highlight the need for improved therapeutics that are essential prior to treatment. LCL161 is an SMAC (second mitochondrial activator of caspases) mimic and inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) antagonist which exhibits anti-tumor effects and improves the chemical sensitivity of many cancers.

Research motivation

In order to improve the chemical sensitivity of esophageal cancer, we studied the effects and mechanisms of the SMAC on esophageal cancer. Our study will provide new ideas for the treatment of esophageal cancer.

Research objectives

The aim of this study was to ascertain the effects and mechanisms of the SMAC analog LCL161 on esophageal cancer cells.

Research methods

MTT assay and TUNEL assay were used to detect cell proliferation and apoptosis, respectively. Western blot analysis was used to study the molecular mechanisms of LCL161-induced death of ECA109 cells.

Research results

LCL161 decreased ECA109 cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner and induced apoptosis of ECA109 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Also, LCL161 induced a significant decrease in the expression of the XIAP and significant increase in the expression of Caspase-3. In addition, Bax increased significantly with increasing concentrations of LCL161, and the relative expression of Bax was significantly different between groups.

Research conclusions

These findings support the hypothesis that LCL161 can inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in esophageal cancer cells by regulating the expression of IAP family, suggesting that it has potential to be an effective treatment for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).

Research perspectives

Our results confirmed that the Smac mimic LCL161 decreased ECA109 cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner and induced ECA109 cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, changes in the apoptotic signals of XIAP, Caspase-3, and Bax provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of ESCC with LCL161. The underlying molecular mechanisms need to be further investigated.