Hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma-a rare entity in the oral cavity: A case report

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma (HCCC) is an uncommon tumor that originates in the salivary glands. This neoplasia constitutes less than 1% of minor salivary gland tumors.

CASE SUMMARY

A 67-year-old female visited the maxillofacial surgery department owing to a smooth, slightly yellowish protruding mass on the left side of the floor of the mouth, at the level of the molars; the tumor mass had a soft consistency on palpation and did not adhere to deep planes. The microscopical analysis of the excisional biopsy showed that the lesion was composed of sheets and cords of clear cells separated by thick eosinophilic bands of hyaline collagen. Normal glandular tissue was absent, periodic acid-Schiff with and without diastase stains, and immunohistochemical reactions were performed to confirm the diagnosis. This is the second case reported in the literature of HCCC arising in the floor of the mouth.

CONCLUSION

HCCC is a rare salivary gland tumor that has not been studied extensively. Its diagnosis is usually challenging, because clinically, it can be confused with a benign neoplasm.

Key Words: Hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma, Salivary gland tumor, Immunohistochemical reactions, Case report

Core tip: Hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma is a rare tumor that originates in the salivary glands. This neoplasia constitutes less than 1% of minor salivary gland tumors, the lesion is composed for clear cells that formed compact groups and cords that were separated by thick eosinophilic bands of collagen, with the appearance of hyaline. This carcinoma is a rare salivary gland tumor that has not been studied extensively. Its diagnosis is usually challenging, because clinically, it can be confused with a benign neoplasm.

INTRODUCTION

Hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma (HCCC) is a rare tumor that originates in the salivary glands. Although this neoplasia constitutes less than 1% of minor salivary gland tumors, when this carcinoma presents, it has a predilection to develop in this type of gland. Due to its rarity, it has not been studied extensively. To this end, we present this case report, the clinical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical documentation of which can be useful for the clinician and pathologist when making the diagnosis, increasing our understanding and recognition of this carcinoma[1,2].

CASE PRESENTATION

Chief complaints

A 67-year-old female visited the maxillofacial surgery department due to a smooth, slightly yellowish protruding mass on the left side of the floor of the mouth, at the level of the molars (Figure 1A).

Figure 1 Clinical and macroscopic aspects of the lesion. A: Volume increase in floor of mouth on the left side, measuring approximately 5 cm × 4 cm × 4 cm, with smooth, flat surface on palpation, not adherent to deep planes; B: Macroscopic appearance of the specimen by excisional biopsy.

History of present illness

The tumor mass had a soft consistency on palpation and did not adhere to deep planes. The patient reported having noticed an increase in the volume of the mass for approximately 1 year asymptomatically.

Pathological findings

Based on the clinical features, the surgeon chose to perform an excisional biopsy. The tumor was well-demarcated from the surrounding tissues therefore, it was completely removed, measuring 5 cm × 4 cm × 4 cm (Figure 1B), and once the sample was processed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE), a tumor lesion was observed, composed primarily of diffuse, proliferating clear cells that formed compact groups and cords that were separated by thick eosinophilic bands of collagen, with the appearance of hyaline (Figure 2A and B). Despite the predominance of clear cells, focal groups of tumor cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm were identified (Figure 2D), occasional mitoses and neural invasion were observed (Figure 2C).

Figure 2 Histological characteristics of the tumor. A and B: Groups of clear cells separated by thick bundles of eosinophilic collagen fibers with hyaline appearance; C: Neural invasion area; D: Diffuse proliferation of tumor cells forming solid areas or tumor sheets. A population of tumor cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm was also observed (Hematoxylin and eosin, original magnification A: ×100, B: ×200, C, D: ×400).

Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stains and immunohistochemical reactions were performed to confirm the diagnosis. HCCC is diastase sensitive due to the glycogen of the tumor cells, as showed by our case, it was negative for PAS with diastase (Figure 3A) and positive for PAS without diastase (Figure 3B). Antibodies against AE1-AE3, CK5, CK7, p63, and Ki-67 were positive. In contrast, there was no signal with CK14, CK19, or smooth muscle antibodies (SMAs) (Figures 3 and 4).

Figure 3 Negative tumor cells staining and histochemistry periodic acid-Schiff positive without diastase. A: Negative tumor cells staining by periodic acid-Schiff with diastase; B: Histochemistry periodic acid-Schiff positive without diastase (original magnification, ×400).

Figure 4 Immunohistochemical profile of the tumor. An intense and diffuse positive reaction was observed in most tumor cells for AE1-AE3 (A), CK7 (C), and p63 (D), whereas CK5 (B) showed focal positivity (original magnification A, B, C, D. ×200).

FINAL DIAGNOSIS

Considering the clinical, histopathological, histochemical, and immunohistochemical findings, a diagnosis of HCCC was reached. Once the diagnosis was established and the cell morphology was re-evaluated surgical borders with neoplastic cells were identified.

TREATMENT

The patient underwent a second surgery, widen the margins, to ensure complete removal of the lesion.

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

Close long-term follow-up.

DISCUSSION

Several studies suggest that HCCC presents primarily as a painless lesion that most often affects females (2:1), between the sixth and seventh decades of life. It is considered a low-grade neoplasm that rarely recurs or metastasizes[3].

This case had clinical characteristics of a benign lesion with duration of a year, which was intact covering mucosa and well-demarcated from the surrounding tissues. When the computerized axial tomography was performed, a small isodense exophytic mass was described on the floor of the mouth, close to the left molar area without growth towards the deep planes. According to our research, this is the second case of HCCC located on the floor of the mouth (Table 1), the patient did not seek consultation until the volume increase was considerable.

Table 1 Hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma cases reported from 2011 to 2019.

Ref.	Sex	Age (yr)	Location	Treatment	Prognosis
Bostanci et al[12], 2019	F	51	Right upper gingiva	Maxillectomy	Tumor recurrence
Hwang et al[6], 2019	F	71	Base of tongue	Surgical treatment and chemoradiation	Not referred
Gushi et al[9], 2017	F	31	Maxillary alveolar mucosa	Excisional biopsy	Good
Moreno et al[13], 2014	F	47	Base of tongue	Surgical treatment	Good
Lin et al[14], 2015	F	37	Tongue	Surgical treatment	Good
Kim et al[15], 2013	M	54	Mouth floor	Surgical treatment and radiation	Good
Gon et al[3], 2013	F	70	Palate	Surgical treatment	Tumor recurrence
Saleh et al[16], 2012	M	31	Soft Palate	Incisional biopsy	Bad, the patient declined any treatment
Roby et al[8], 2012	F	60	Tongue	Surgical excision	Not referred
Baghirath et al[4], 2011	F	36	Right upper gingiva	Surgical treatment	Not referred
Kauzman et al[17], 2011	M	53	Right upper gingiva	Surgical excision and radiation treatment	Good
Chatelain et al[18], 2011	M	48	Right upper gingiva	Maxillectomy, cervical lymph node dissection, and postoperative radiotherapy	No recurrence at 12 mo
Masilamani et al[19], 2011	M	73	Base of tongue	Surgical excision	No recurrence at 12 mo

Due to the clinical characteristics, such as its well-defined increase in volume, its similarity in color to the adjacent mucosa, and its asymptomatic nature and evolution, our clinical impression was that of a benign neoplasm. However, following the standard protocol of care, a biopsy was performed by histopathology and complementary approaches, which allowed us to reach a definitive diagnosis of HCCC.

Overall, 81.8% of cases of HCCC occur in the buccal cavity. The most frequent sites are the tongue, hard palate, floor of the mouth, and base of the tongue; HCCC is uncommon in the major salivary glands, nasopharynx, hypopharynx, and lacrimal gland[4]. In a review of the literature that we conducted in cases from 2011 to date, we found 13 published clinical cases located in oral cavity of which 8 (61%) affected the female sex and 5 (39%) the male (Table 1).

Histopathologically, HCCC comprises proliferating epithelial cells with a clear cytoplasm. In some cases, a subgroup of cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm are present, all of which are organized in trabeculae, cords, or solid nests that are surrounded by a stroma of hyaline fibrous tissue. This tumor usually presents with immuno-histochemical positivity for p63, CK5, CK7, CK14, and CK19 and negative S-100, CK 14, SMA, and PAX8 expression, in addition to negativity for PAS with diastase, which favors a diagnosis of HCCC and helps rule out other histopathological differential diagnoses, such as malignant myoepithelioma, epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma, clear cell mucoepidermoid carcinoma, low-grade polymorphic adenocarcinoma, acinar cell carcinoma, clear cell oncocytoma, and renal metastatic carcinoma[5-9]. Thus, an immunohistochemical panel with the appropriate antibodies must be performed.

In our case, we observed immunolabeling with antibodies against AE1-AE3, CK5, CK7, p63, and Ki67, whereas SMA, CK14, and CD10 were negative. Thus, we recommend using these immunohistochemical markers to aid in the diagnosis of this neoplasia with the histopathological characteristics that we have described.

HCCC is considered a low-grade malignancy. However, the size of the tumor, the cellular atypia, and the number of mitoses is related to its prognosis, and as with any other carcinoma, to decrease the likelihood of recurrence, it must be removed completely[10]. In case series, up to 25% of evidence of metastasis has been reported[11]. Although the treatment depends on the clinical characteristics of the tumor, in 50% of cases, it is limited to surgery, versus surgery and radiotherapy in 25.7%, with a 5-year survival of 77.6%; the remainder corresponds to other treatment modalities or is unknown to due to the unavailability of data[1].

In our case, by histopathology, we noted that the frequency of atypia and mitosis was low and that the positivity to Ki-67 antibody was of 3%, which was consistent with a low-grade malignant neoplasm. Although some tumor cells had infiltrated nervous tissue, the presence of metastases was ruled out by imaging (positron emission tomography). Because the edges of the excisional biopsy were not free of tumor cells, the patient underwent a second surgery to eliminate the possibility of recurrence. After 2 years of follow-up, there are no data that suggest recurrence, but continuous and long-term follow-up is indicated to identify any eventual alterations in a timely manner.

CONCLUSION

HCCC is a rare salivary gland tumor that has not been studied extensively. We presented herein the second case reported in the literature affecting the floor of the mouth. Its diagnosis is usually challenging, because clinically, it can be confused with a benign neoplasm, whereas histologically, there are several differential diagnoses. Thus, auxiliary techniques, such as PAS staining and immunohistochemistry, are valuable tools in reaching the correct diagnosis of this tumor.