Causes associated with recurrent choledocholithiasis following therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: A large sample sized retrospective study

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Recurrence of primary choledocholithiasis commonly occurs after complete removal of stones by therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). The potential causes of the recurrence of choledocholithiasis after ERCP are unclear.

AIM

To analyze the potential causes of the recurrence of choledocholithiasis after ERCP.

METHODS

The ERCP database of our medical center for the period between January 2007 and January 2016 was retrospectively reviewed, and information regarding eligible patients who had choledocholithiasis recurrence was collected. A 1:1 case-control study was performed for this investigation. Data including general characteristics of the patients, past medical history, ERCP-related factors, common bile duct (CBD)-related factors, laboratory indicators, and treatment was analyzed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis and Kaplan-Meier analysisly.

RESULTS

First recurrence of choledocholithiasis occurred in 477 patients; among these patients, the second and several instance (≥ 3 times) recurrence rates were 19.5% and 44.07%, respectively. The average time to first choledocholithiasis recurrence was 21.65 mo. A total of 477 patients who did not have recurrence were selected as a control group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age > 65 years (odds ratio [OR] = 1.556; P = 0.018), combined history of choledocholithotomy (OR = 2.458; P < 0.01), endoscopic papillary balloon dilation (OR = 5.679; P = 0.000), endoscopic sphincterotomy (OR = 3.463; P = 0.000), CBD stent implantation (OR = 5.780; P = 0.000), multiple ERCP procedures (≥2; OR = 2.75; P = 0.000), stones in the intrahepatic bile duct (OR = 2.308; P = 0.000), periampullary diverticula (OR = 1.627; P < 0.01), choledocholithiasis diameter ≥ 10 mm (OR = 1.599; P < 0.01), bile duct-duodenal fistula (OR = 2.69; P < 0.05), combined biliary tract infections (OR = 1.057; P < 0.01), and no preoperative antibiotic use (OR = 0.528; P < 0.01) were independent risk factors for the recurrence of choledocholithiasis after ERCP.

CONCLUSION

Patient age greater than 65 years is an independent risk factor for the development of recurrent choledocholithiasis following ERCP, as is history of biliary surgeries, measures during ERCP, and prevention of postoperative complications.

Key Words: Choledocholithiasis; Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; Recurrence; Common bile duct

Core tip: The potential causes of the recurrence of choledocholithiasis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) are unclear. By a large sample sized retrospective study of 954 patients, we concluded that patient age greater than 65 years is an independent risk factor for the development of recurrent choledocholithiasis following ERCP, as is history of biliary surgeries, measures during ERCP, and prevention of postoperative complications.

INTRODUCTION

Due to its minimal trauma and high safety, endoscopic retrograde cholan-giopancreatography (ERCP) has become one of the most important methods for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of choledocholithiasis. Currently, ERCP technology is very advanced, but the recurrence of choledocholithiasis after ERCP is still a challenging problem. Follow-up studies have shown that the incidence of choledocholithiasis recurrence after endoscopic treatment is 2%-22%[1-5]. Many studies have reported that choledocholithiasis is associated with bacterial infection, an abnormal biliary structure, inflammation, endoscopic and surgical treatment, and other factors[1-3,6-8]. However, risk factors for the recurrence of choledocholithiasis have not been thoroughly defined, and the risk factors identified are different across studies. This study aimed to explore the independent risk factors for stone recurrence by comprehensively analyzing the relevant factors for stone recurrence in a large-sized sample.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patients

From January 2007 to January 2016, we retrospectively reviewed cases from a well-designed ERCP database at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University. The follow-up period was from the date of the initial removal of choledocholithiasis to the date of the visit to the hospital for choledocholithiasis recurrence or more than one year for the control group. The patients with the symptoms of fever, abdominal pain, jaundice, or other typical symptoms who revisited our hospital underwent abdominal computed tomography (CT) and ERCP to confirm choledocholithiasis. The patients who underwent choledocholithiasis removal by ERCP and were confirmed to have had their stones completely removed were enrolled. The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) History of previous ERCP; (2) Patients with tumors of the liver, gallbladder, common bile duct (CBD), or duodenal papilla; (3) Patients were confirmed not to have had their stones completely removed after first chole-docholithiasis removal by ERCP; and (4) Patients with incomplete clinical data. The study was approved by the institutional review board of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University (No. 2017-040).

Outcome measurements

The primary outcomes were risk factors for recurrence of choledocholithiasis. Choledocholithiasis recurrence was defined as recurrence of symptoms of fever, abdominal pain, jaundice, or other typical symptoms, and choledocholithiasis was confirmed by abdominal B-scan ultrasonography, CT, or magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography 6 mo after the stones were completely removed. The patients were classified into two groups: Recurrence and control groups. The following clinical data were recorded: (1) General characteristics, including sex, age, time from disease onset to stone removal, and history of drinking and smoking; (2) Past medical history, including history of hypertension, diabetes, hepatitis B, fatty liver, cirrhosis, cholecystectomy, biliary-enteric anastomosis, choledocholithotomy, or Billroth II gastrectomy; (3) ERCP-related factors, including endoscopic mechanical lithotripsy (EML), endoscopic papillary balloon dilation (EPBD), endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST), CBD stent implantation, endoscopic nasobiliary drainage, and the number of ERCP procedures; (4) CBD-related factors, including the presence of a combined biliary tract infection, gallstones, stones in the intrahepatic bile duct, a bile duct-duodenal fistula, CBD stenosis, duodenal ulcers, periampullary diverticula (PAD) or ectopic duodenal papilla, duodenal papilla shape, bile duct angle referring to the angle between the horizontal part of the CBD and a horizontal line[9], common bile diameter, CBD diameter, and the number of stones; and (5) Laboratory indicators and treatment, including total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, gallbladder parameters, triglycerides, and the use of preoperative antibiotics.

Statistical analysis

Continuous variables are reported as the mean and standard deviation (SD), and categorical variables are reported as absolute numbers and percentages. Variables found to be statistically significant in the univariate logistic regression analysis were introduced into a multivariate logistic analytic model (stepwise regression) to identify independent risk factors with odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (v17.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, United States).

RESULTS

General characteristics

From January 2007 to January 2016, 477 patients revisited the hospital for their choledocholithiasis recurrence. Among these patients, the second and several instance (≥ 3 times) recurrence rates were 19.5% (93/477) and 44.07% (41/477), respectively. The average number of instances of stone recurrence was 1.45, and the average time to first stone recurrence was 21.65 mo. A 1:1 case-control study was used for this investigation, and the controls were 477 patients without choledocholithiasis recurrence after ERCP in more than one year of follow-up. The average age of all patients was 57.43 ± 14.92 years, and the study included 445 males (46.65%) and 509 females (53.35%). There were more patients > 65 years old in the recurrence group than in the control group (OR = 2.437, 95%CI: 1.818-3.266; P = 0.000). No statistically significant differences between the two groups were observed in terms of sex, weight, time from the onset of stone removal to recurrence, or history of drinking or smoking (Table 1).

Table 1 General characteristics compared between the recurrence group and control group.

Variable	Recurrence group (n = 477)	Control group (n = 477)	OR (95%CI)	P-value
Sex (male/female)	216/261	229/248	1.116 (0.865-1.439)	0.399
Age > 65 yr (Y/N)	181/296	134/343	2.437 (1.818-3.266)	0.000
Weight (kg), mean ± SD	57.94 ± 16.80	58.24 ± 11.31	0.992 (0.980-1.004)	0.196
1Recurrence time (d), mean ± SD	17.77 ± 19.30	17.85 ± 17.25	1.000 (0.993-1.007)	0.950
History of drinking (Y/N)	42/423	61/416	0.677 (0.447-1.026)	0.066
History of smoking (Y/N)	69/395	86/391	0.794 (0.562-1.123)	0.192

¹Recurrence time was defined as time from the onset of stone removal to recurrence. OR: Odds ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval; Y: Yes; N: No.

Univariate analysis

On univariate analysis, significant differences were noted between the two groups in terms of medical history: A medical history of cholecystectomy (OR = 1.4, 95%CI: 1.085-1.806; P = 0.01) and choledocholithotomy (OR = 3.255, 95%CI: 2.114-5.01; P = 0.000) (Table 2). Moreover, significant differences in ERCP-related factors were observed: ERCP with EML (OR = 2.068, 95%CI: 1.375-3.11; P = 0.000), EPBD (OR = 5.669, 95%CI: 3.594-8.941; P = 0.000), EST (OR = 1.701, 95%CI: 1.197-2.417; P = 0.003), CBD stent implantation (OR = 3.737, 95%CI: 2.587-5.398; P = 0.000), and multiple ERCP procedures (OR = 3.043, 95%CI: 2.242-4.13; P = 0.000) (Table 3). CBD-related factors, such as complications including biliary tract infections (OR = 1.034, 95%CI: 1.007-1.061; P = 0.014), stones in the intrahepatic bile duct (OR = 2.687, 95%CI: 1.919-3.762; P = 0.000), PAD (OR = 1.607, 95%CI: 1.227-2.105; P = 0.001), bile-duct duodenal fistula (OR = 2.324, 95%CI: 1.088-4.964; P < 0.05), CBD stenosis (OR = 1.661, 95%CI: 1.051-2.626; P < 0.05), CBD diameter (OR = 1.988, 95%CI: 1.589-2.486; P = 0.000), and choledocholithiasis diameter ≥ 10 mm (OR = 1.580, 95%CI: 1.202-2.067; P = 0.001) also showed significant differences between the two groups (Table 4). Additionally, compared with patients in the control group, patients in the recurrence group used fewer antibiotics before ERCP (OR = 0.523, 95%CI: 0.385-0.711; P = 0.000) (Table 5).

Table 2 Past medical history compared between the recurrence group and control group.

Variable	Recurrence group (n = 477)	Control group (n = 477)	OR (95%CI)	P-value
Hypertension (Y/N)	84/393	63/414	1.405 (0.985-2.002)	0.060
Diabetes (Y/N)	34/441	26/452	1.334 (0.788-2.261)	0.284
Hepatitis B (Y/N)	37/440	34/438	1.083 (0.668-1.758)	0.746
Fatty liver (Y/N)	15/462	23/454	0.641 (0.330-1.244)	0.189
Liver cirrhosis (Y/N)	17/460	10/461	1.704 (0.772-3.760)	0.187
Cholecystectomy (Y/N)	252/225	212/265	1.400 (1.085-1.806)	0.010
Biliary-enteric anastomosis (Y/N)	5/471	2/475	2.521 (0.487-13.06)	0.270
Choledocholithotomy (Y/N)	88/389	31/446	3.255 (2.114-5.010)	0.000

Y: Yes; N: No.

Table 3 Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography-related factors compared between the recurrence group and control group.

Variable	Recurrence group (n = 477)	Control group (n = 477)	OR (95%CI)	P-value
EML (Y/N)	74/391	40/437	2.068 (1.375-3.110)	0.000
EPBD (Y/N)	111/345	25/461	5.669 (3.594-8.941)	0.000
EST (Y/N)	404/60	382/96	1.701 (1.197-2.417)	0.003
CBD stent implantation (Y/N)	130/334	45/432	3.737 (2.587-5.398)	0.000
ENBD (Y/N)	271/192	282/195	0.976 (0.753-1.266)	0.855
ERCP procedures, mean ± SD	1.38 ± 0.55	1.14 ± 0.39	3.043 (2.242-4.130)	0.000

ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; EML: Endoscopic mechanical lithotripsy; EPBD: Endoscopic papillary balloon dilation; EST: Endoscopic sphincterotomy; CBD: Common bile duct; ENBD: Endoscopic nasobiliary drainage; Y: Yes; N: No.

Table 4 Common bile duct-related factors compared between the recurrence group and control group.

Variable	Recurrence group (n = 477)	Control group (n = 477)	OR (95%CI)	P-value
Gallstones (Y/N)	274/203	272/205	1.017 (0.787-1.315)	0.896
Intrahepatic bile duct stones (Y/N)	133/344	60/417	2.687 (1.919-3.762)	0.000
Ectopic duodenal papilla (Y/N)	3/462	1/476	3.091 (0.32-29.822)	0.329
Duodenal ulcers (Y/N)	21/443	26/451	0.822 (0.456-1.483)	0.516
PAD (Y/N)	188/276	142/335	1.607 (1.227-2.105)	0.001
Bile duct angle (Y/N)	36/429	25/452	1.517 (0.896-2.570)	0.121
CBD diameter (cm), mean ± SD	1.27±0.73	1.01±0.55	1.988 (1.589-2.486)	0.000
Choledocholithiasis diameter ≥ 10 mm (Y/N)	229/134	126/236	1.580 (1.202-2.067)	0.001
Number of stones (n), (mean ± SD)	1.90 ± 1.19	1.82 ± 1.02	1.12 (0.992-1.265)	0.067
Biliary tract infections (Y/N)	46/418	20/457	2.515 (1.463-4.321)	0.001
Bile-duct duodenal fistula (Y/N)	22/442	10/467	2.324 (1.088-4.964)	0.029
CBD stenosis (Y/N)	51/413	33/444	1.661 (1.051-2.626)	0.030

PAD: Periampullary diverticula; CBD: Common bile duct; Y: Yes; N: No.

Table 5 Laboratory indicators and treatment compared between the recurrence group and control group.

Variable	Recurrence group (n = 477)	Control group (n = 477)	OR (95%CI)	P-value
TBi (umol/L), mean ± SD	53.02 ± 69.91	102.47 ± 126.1	1.000 (0.999-1.001)	0.795
DBi (umol /L), mean ± SD	31.41 ± 44.64	71.21 ± 126.1	1.000 (0.998-1.002)	0.961
ALT (U/L), mean ± SD	129.3 ± 142.91	98.39 ± 127.62	0.999 (0.998-1.000)	0.201
AST (U/L), mean ± SD	96.99 ± 132.68	64.86 ± 103.69	0.999 (0.998-1.000)	0.123
GGT (U/L), mean ± SD	288.3 ± 262.92	306.3 ± 267.96	1.000 (1.000-1.001)	0.441
Cholesterol (mmol /L), mean ± SD	4.77 ± 14.09	4.33 ± 1.53	0.990 (0.886-1.105)	0.852
Triglyceride (mmol /L), mean ± SD	1.30 ± 0.82	1.43 ± 0.85	0.888 (0.742-1.063)	0.197
Used antibiotics before ERCP (Y/N)	336/141	387/85	0.523 (0.385-0.711)	0.000

TBi: Total bilirubin; DBi: Direct bilirubin; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; GGT: Gamma-glutamyltransferase; ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; Y: Yes; N: No.

Multivariate analysis

Multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis showed that age > 65 years (OR = 1.556, 95%CI: 1.079-2.244; P = 0.018), history of choledocholithotomy (OR = 2.474, 95%CI: 1.417-4.320; P = 0.001), EPBD (OR = 5.545, 95%CI: 3.026-10.162; P = 0.000), EST (OR = 3.378, 95%CI: 1.968-5.797; P = 0.000), CBD stent implantation (OR = 5.562, 95%CI: 3.326-9.301; P = 0.000), multiple ERCP procedures (OR = 3.601, 95%CI: 1.778-3.805; P = 0.000), stones in the intrahepatic bile duct (OR = 2.359, 95%CI: 1.516-3.668; P = 0.000), PAD (OR = 1.579, 95%CI: 1.090-2.289; P = 0.016), choledocholithiasis diameter ≥ 10 mm (OR = 1.599, 95%CI: 1.117-2.290; P = 0.010), biliary-duodenal fistula (OR = 2.720, 95%CI: 1.094-6.765; P = 0.031), no use of preoperative antibiotics (OR = 0.527, 95%CI: 0.346-0.801; P = 0.003), and biliary tract infections (OR = 1.059, 95%CI: 1.021-1.099; P = 0.003) were independent risk factors for the recurrence of choledocholithiasis after ERCP (Table 6). A Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that as age increased, the rate of choledocholithiasis recurrence increased proportionally (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Kaplan–Meier curves showing the recurrence rate of CBD stones according to age (< 50 years, blue line; 50-59 years, green line; 60-69 years, yellow line; ≥ 70 years, red line) (log-rank P < 0. 0001).

Table 6 Multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis for the recurrence of choledocholithiasis.

Variable	OR (95%CI)	P-value
Age > 65 yr	1.556 (1.079-2.244)	0.018
Choledocholithotomy	2.474 (1.417-4.320)	0.001
EPBD	5.545 (3.026-10.162)	0.000
EST	3.378 (1.968-5.797)	0.000
CBD stent implantation	5.562 (3.326-9.301)	0.000
ERCP procedures	2.601 (1.778-3.805)	0.000
Stones in the intrahepatic bile duct	2.359 (1.516-3.668)	0.000
PAD	1.579 (1.090-2.289)	0.016
Choledocholithiasis diameter ≥ 10 mm	1.435 (1.094-1.883)	0.009
Biliary-duodenal fistula	2.720 (1.094-6.765)	0.031
Used antibiotics before ERCP	0.527 (0.346-0.801)	0.003
Biliary tract infections	1.059 (1.021-1.099)	0.003

ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; EPBD: Endoscopic papillary balloon dilation; EST: Endoscopic sphincterotomy; CBD: Common bile duct; PAD: Periampullary diverticula.

DISCUSSION

The recurrence rate of choledocholithiasis after ERCP is reported to be 2%-22%[1-5]. In our studies, once choledocholithiasis recurred, the next recurrence rate increased in proportion to the number of instances of recurrence, as reported previously[1,10]. Several risk factors have been reported in various studies[1-3,6-8]. This study showed that age > 65 years, history of choledocholithotomy, EPBD, EST, CBD stent implantation, multiple ERCP procedures (≥ 2), stones in the intrahepatic bile duct, PAD, choledocholithiasis diameter ≥ 10 mm, bile duct-duodenal fistula, biliary tract infection, and no preoperative antibiotic use were independent risk factors for the recurrence of choledocholithiasis after ERCP.

It has been reported that the recurrence rate of choledocholithiasis in elderly patients (age > 65 years) can be as high as 30%[11]. The specific mechanism is unclear, but Keizman et al[4] believe that elderly patients have more risk factors for the recurrence of stones, such as CBD dilatation, CBD angulation, and PAD, which are related to the recurrence of stones. PAD is rare in patients younger than 40 years of age. It is found more often in older patients, and the occurrence of PAD increases with increasing age.

The surgical removal of choledocholithiasis, whether open or laparoscopic, is seldom performed and is usually reserved for patients in whom ERCP has failed[12]. Laparoscopic CBD exploration is considered in patients with larger stones in whom ERCP has failed. Stone recurrence caused by a history of choledocholithotomy may be due to long-term compression of the biliary tract by the T-tube placed during the choledocholithotomy leading to necrosis and scarring of the epithelial cells of the biliary tract, which easily cause biliary tract stenosis and disorders of biliary excretion[13].

Under physiological conditions, the sphincter of Oddi functions as a “switch” that controls the excretion of pancreatic juice and bile and prevents the reflux of intestinal fluid. Intraoperative ERCP surgeries, such as EPBD, EST, and multiple ERCP procedures, can cause dysfunction of the sphincter of Oddi, which cannot be restored within a short period of time. Then, the barrier against intestinal fluid reflux weakens or disappears, and intestinal fluid can reflux into the bile duct. Because intestinal fluid contains a large amount of bacteria, digestive juices, and food residues, when it refluxes into the bile duct, it changes the bile duct loop and leads to bile duct infection[14]; the colonized bacteria produce β-glucuronic acid, which is associated with the formation of bilirubin calcium stones[5,6,15,16], thus promoting the recurrence of stones. Because bacterial contamination of the bile duct is a common finding in patients with choledocholithiasis, incomplete duct clearance may put patients at risk of cholangitis. Therefore, it is important for endoscopists to ensure that adequate biliary drainage is achieved in patients with choledocholithiasis that cannot be retrieved[17]. However, stents have been placed for long periods of time, leading to bile salt deposition and adherence to the stents. The stents can be a nidus for CBD stones. Bile duct stent placement affects biliary tract dynamics, predisposing the patient to cholestasis. On the one hand, siltation of bile is conducive to bacterial reproduction. On the other hand, concentration of bile stimulates inflammatory changes in the bile duct mucosa, resulting in the precipitation of bile bacteria, shedding cells, and inflammatory cells, which promote the recurrence of stones[18].

PAD form adjacent to the biliary and pancreatic duct confluence. When a diverticulum is large, it can directly compress the CBD, resulting in poor bile excretion. When a diverticulum is complicated by duodenal dysfunction, the food and refluxed intestinal fluid can remain in the diverticulum, stimulating long-term inflammation of the sphincter of Oddi, leading to dysfunction, duodenal papillary stenosis, and cholestasis[19]. PAD promotes the multiplication of beta-glucuronidase-producing bacteria, leading to earlier binding of dissociated glucuronide to bilirubin salts and promoting the pigmentation and formation of stones[20,21]. Larger stones often require lithotripsy, which may increase the risk of postoperative recurrence of stones. Larger stones cause greater forced expansion of the bile ducts and induce impaired function of normal bile ducts, leading to difficulties in bile excretion, which can easily cause cholestasis and bacterial infections[22,23]. Biliary tract infections mainly result from preoperative infections and retrograde reflux of intestinal fluid caused by reduced biliary pressure after cholecystectomy. Studies have shown that more than 94.6% of patients with pigmentary stones have positive bacterial cultures in their bile samples[24]. A variety of causes, such as abnormal biliary anatomy, PAD, abnormal biliary secretion, and biochemistry, can contribute to biliary tract infections. Bile duct bacteria is present, and the resulting beta-glucuronidase causes bilirubin hydrolysis to nonconjugated bilirubin, which can easily combine with calcium to form bilirubin calcium and promote gallstone formation[6,25-29]. The lack of preoperative use of antibiotics may increase the risk of biliary tract infections and promote the recurrence of stones. The presence of a biliary-duodenal fistula is a risk factor for the recurrence of choledocholithiasis. No relevant literature has been reported. Bile duct-duodenal fistulas often exist for a long time, and the refluxed intestinal fluid irritates the biliary mucosa, eventually leading to chronic inflammation.

This study was a single-center retrospective study. Although the clinical data of the patients were comprehensively analyzed and the risk factors for recurrence of choledocholithiasis after ERCP were studied in all aspects, there were still limitations to this retrospective study. This study did not further analyze the accuracy of individual risk factors for predicting the recurrence of choledocholithiasis. In conclusion, patient age greater than 65 years is an independent risk factor for the development of recurrent choledocholithiasis following ERCP, as is history of biliary surgeries, measures during ERCP, and prevention of postoperative complications.

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS

Research background

Currently, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) technology is very advanced, but the recurrence of choledocholithiasis after ERCP is still a challenging problem. The potential causes of the recurrence of choledocholithiasis after ERCP are unclear.

Research motivation

To explore the independent risk factors for stone recurrence by comprehensively analyzing the relevant factors for stone recurrence in a large-sized sample.

Research objectives

The study aimed to analyze the potential causes of the recurrence of choledocholithiasis after ERCP.

Research methods

The ERCP database of our medical center was retrospectively reviewed, and information regarding eligible patients was collected. A 1:1 case-control study was used for this investigation. Data were analyzed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression and Kaplan-Meier analyses.

Research results

Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age > 65 years, combined history of choledocholithotomy, endoscopic papillary balloon dilation, endoscopic sphincterotomy, common bile duct stent implantation, multiple ERCP procedures (≥2), stones in the intrahepatic bile duct, periampullary diverticula, choledocholithiasis diameter ≥ 10 mm, bile duct-duodenal fistula, combined biliary tract infections, and no preoperative antibiotic use were independent risk factors for the recurrence of choledocholithiasis after ERCP.

Research conclusions

In this large sample sized retrospective study, we concluded that patient age greater than 65 years is an independent risk factor for the development of recurrent choledocholithiasis following ERCP, as is history of biliary surgeries, measures during ERCP, and prevention of postoperative complications.

Research perspectives

The pathogenesis of recurrence of choledocholithiasis should be studied in future, as well as the prevention and treatment.