Case Report Open Access
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2022. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Clin Cases. Oct 16, 2022; 10(29): 10565-10574
Published online Oct 16, 2022. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i29.10565
Treatment failure in a patient infected with Listeria sepsis combined with latent meningitis: A case report
Gui-Xian Wu, Jing Huang, Shuang-Quan Yan, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Enze Hospital, Taizhou Enze Medical Center (Group), Taizhou 318050, Zhejiang Province, China
Jian-Ya Zhou, Department of Respiratory Disease, Thoracic Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
Wei-Jun Hong, Neurology Department, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Enze Hospital, Taizhou Enze Medical Center (Group), Taizhou 318050, Zhejiang Province, China
ORCID number: Gui-Xian Wu (0000-0003-4339-2633); Shuang-Quan Yan (0000-0002-7460-1410).
Author contributions: Wu GX and Yan SQ were the physicians in charge of the patient and participated in the entire management of the patient during his hospital stay in the Department of Respiratory Medicine; Wu GX was responsible for the writing and revision of the article; Yan SQ was responsible for the quality control of the article; Hong WJ provided clinical guidance and image analysis for intracranial infection; Zhou JY provided clinical treatment guidance; All authors have read and approve the final manuscript.
Informed consent statement: All study participants, or their legal guardian, provided informed written consent prior to study enrollment.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
CARE Checklist (2016) statement: The authors have read the CARE Checklist (2016), and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the CARE Checklist (2016).
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Shuang-Quan Yan, PhD, Chief Doctor, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, No. 1 East Tongyang Road, Enze Hospital, Luqiao District, Taizhou 318050, Zhejiang Province, China. yansq@enzemed.com
Received: November 4, 2021
Peer-review started: November 4, 2021
First decision: March 7, 2022
Revised: March 20, 2022
Accepted: August 30, 2022
Article in press: August 30, 2022
Published online: October 16, 2022

Abstract
BACKGROUND

Listeria is a food-borne disease, which is rarely prevalent in the normal population; it mostly occurs in pregnant women, newborns, immunodeficiency patients, and the elderly. The main manifestations of this disease in patients include sepsis, meningitis, etc, and the mortality rate remains high, although the onset of meningitis is relatively insidious.

CASE SUMMARY

A 75-year-old man presented with a fever for 1 wk and was admitted to the hospital for diagnosis and management of a lung infection. His condition improved after receiving anti-infective treatment for 2 wk. However, soon after he was discharged from the hospital, he developed fever again, and gradually developed various neurological symptoms, impaired consciousness, and stiff neck. Thereafter, through the cerebrospinal fluid metagenomic testing and blood culture, the patient was diagnosed with Listeria monocytogenes meningitis and sepsis. The patient died after being given active treatment, which included penicillin application and invasive respiratory support.

CONCLUSION

This case highlights the ultimate importance of early identification and timely application of the various sensitive antibiotics, such as penicillin, vancomycin, meropenem, etc. Therefore, for high-risk populations with unknown causes of fever, multiple blood cultures, timely cerebrospinal fluid examination, and metagenomic detection technology can assist in confirming the diagnosis quickly, thereby guiding the proper application of antibiotics and improving the prognosis.

Key Words: Listeria monocytogenes, Encephalitis, Sepsis, Lung infection, Case report

Core Tip: Listeria is a considered a food-borne disease but is rarely prevalent in the normal population. We present herein, a rare case of meningoencephalitis caused by Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) that evolved in a previously healthy immunocompetent old male patient. Both the cerebrospinal fluid metagenomic test and bilateral blood culture test results suggested the occurrence of L. monocytogenes. The findings of this case highlight the ultimate importance of early identification and timely application of sensitive antibiotics. Therefore, for high-risk populations with unknown causes of fever, multiple blood cultures, timely cerebrospinal fluid examination, and metagenomic detection technology can assist in confirming the diagnosis quickly, which can facilitate the application of suitable antibiotics and significantly improve the prognosis.



INTRODUCTION

Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) is a gram-positive facultative intracellular bacteria. It can be spread to the humans through the ingestion of contaminated foods, especially ready-to-eat foods, products with a longer shelf life, cooked foods, and soft cheeses[1-3]. It predominantly affects pregnant women, newborns, the elderly, and immunocompromised patients[3-5]. The morbidity rate is estimated to be about 3-6 cases per million per year, and the mortality rate is approximately 27%[6]. The most common forms of infections include listeriosis of the nervous system, bacteremia, and the vertical transmission from the mother to child[2]. Moreover, infections caused during pregnancy can contribute to miscarriage, premature delivery, and amnionitis, while neonatal infections can lead to delayed meningitis, conjunctivitis, and pneumonia. Additionally, in immunodeficiency patients, Listeria can also easily cause central nervous system infection, endocarditis, and sepsis[7]. The clinical symptoms of Listeria meningitis are similar to meningoencephalitis caused by other bacterium, but the prodromal period is relatively long, the repeated detection rate of the traditional tests is low, and the first-line treatment with the third-generation cephalosporins is often ineffective[8]. Therefore, it is especially important to diagnose the disease as early as possible so that an appropriate treatment can be initiated, and the best clinical outcome can be achieved in infected patients, especially immunocompromised elderly patients.

CASE PRESENTATION
Chief complaints

A 75-year-old male was suffering from fever for 1 wk, as a result of which the patient was admitted to the Department of Infectious Diseases on May the 18th, 2020.

History of present illness

The highest body temperature recorded was 39.0 °C, and it was accompanied by chills, dizziness during the fever, and remission after fever. The patient suffered from no headache, abdominal pain, or diarrhea, and sputum, nasal congestion, or runny nose was not evident.

History of past illness

He had a history of hypertension.

Personal and family history

No special personal or family history was reported.

Physical examination

The patient’s temperature was 39 °C, heart rate was 98 bpm, respiratory rate was 20 breaths per minute, blood pressure was 139/75 mmHg, and oxygen saturation in room air was 98%. The breath sounds in both the lungs were clear, heart rhythm was uniform, and the neurological tests were negative.

Laboratory examinations

A number of routine blood and biochemical tests were conducted which showed the following values: white blood cell count 7.1 × 109/L, neutrophils 58.6%, monocytes 24.4%, hemoglobin 83 g/L, C-reactive protein (CRP) 111.20 mg/L, cell factor interleukin (IL)-6: 279.22 pg/mL↑, cell factor IL-10 3653.30 pg/mL↑, plasma procalcitonin 0.19 ng/mL, blood amyloid A 509.5 mg/L↑, erythrocyte sedimentation rate 71 mm/L, lactate dehydrogenase 694 U/L↑, creatine kinase 19 U/L↓, albumin 27 g/L↓, K+ 2.99 mmol/L↓, Na+ 135.1 mmol/L↓, Cl- 98.5 mmol/L↓, calcium 1.87 mmol/L↓, phosphorus 0.65 mmol/L↓, but creatinine level was found to be normal. The patient’s anti-nuclear antibody, titer 1:100, anti-SSA-, and anti-SCL70 positive. The patient’s TORCH test (Toxoplasma, rubella, cytomegalo, and herpes viruses), Plasmodium test, fungal D-glucan test, coronavirus disease 2019, hemorrhagic fever IgM antibody, Widder test, and Weil Felix reaction results were all noted to be normal. Bilateral blood culture test results suggested the occurrence of "L. monocytogenes". To complete the lumbar puncture, the routine result of cerebrospinal fluid was as follows: "nucleated cell count 420 × 106/L (reference range is less than 8 × 106/L), lymphocyte 75%", cerebrospinal fluid biochemical "lactate dehydrogenase 472 U/L" (Reference range 8-32 U/L), total protein 261.3 mg/dL (reference range 15.0-45.0 mg/dL), glucose 1.51 mmol/L (reference range 2.5-4.5 mmmol/L), chloride content (Cl-) 111.0 mmol/l (reference range 120.0-130.0 mmol/L)", cerebrospinal fluid adenosine deaminase 16 U/L (normal), cerebrospinal fluid cryptococcal smear and cryptococcal capsular antigen test were all found to be negative, but the cerebrospinal fluid culture was observed to be negative. Cerebrospinal fluid metagenomic test results indicated the presence of "G+ bacteria, L. monocytogenes, and the relative abundance was 2.14%". In addition, the suspected background bacteria "G+ bacteria, was Staphylococcus aureus, and the relative abundance was 0.43%" were also detected. The results of CRP, IL-6, IL-10, and PCT during the patient's hospitalization have been shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1
Figure 1 The potential changes in inflammatory biomarkers of this patient. A: The observed changes in C-reactive protein, interleukin (IL)-10, and IL-6 levels; B: The changes of procalcitonin levels. CRP: C-reactive protein; IL: Interleukin; PCT: Procalcitonin.
Imaging examinations

The chest computed tomography (CT) results of the patient revealed a small amount of effusion in the pleural cavities on both the sides, and nodules were distinctly visible in the pleura and under the pleura (Figure 2A and B). However, no obvious abnormalities were found in cranial computed tomography. After two weeks treatment, CT of the patient’s chest displayed multiple nodules in both lungs (similar to the previous), scattered patchy shadows in both the lungs, and possible infection; in addition, the patient had a small amount of pleural effusion (found to be decreased) in both lungs (Figure 2C-E). The results of cranial MR plain scan + water suppression + diffusion-weighted diffusion weighted imaging showed that abnormal signals were scattered in the sub-frontal cortex, midbrain, and posterior horns of both the sides of the ventricle, whereas the lacunar foci were found to be scattered under the frontal cortex on both the sides, and transparent interstitial space was formed (Figure 3).

Figure 2
Figure 2 Chest computed tomography findings of the patient in two hospitalizations. A and B: The patient's first chest computed tomography (CT) after the onset of illness. As shown by the arrows, a small amount of pleural effusion can be seen in both the lungs, and scattered nodules can be observed in the pleura and under the pleura; C-E: The results of chest CT upon two weeks later. The new appearances of the two lungs were mostly scattered in the patchy high-density shadows, with distinctly blurred boundaries, distributed along with the bronchial vascular bundle, mainly under the pleura.
Figure 3
Figure 3 The result of cranial magnetic resonance upon the patient's second admission. A-C: Abnormal signals diverged from the subfrontal cortex (A), midbrain (B), and the posterior horns of both sides of the ventricle (C) (arrow pointing), and no obvious brain abscess formation was noted.
DIAGNOSIS

The patient's diagnosis was finally considered to be sepsis, lung infection, respiratory failure, electrolyte imbalance: hyponatremia, hypokalemia, autoimmune disease and Listeria monocytic meningoencephalitis.

TREATMENT

The patient was hence administered levofloxacin 0.5 g qd intravenously for 3 d, the body temperature did not drop significantly, and the highest body temperature was still observed to be above 39.0 °C. The blood culture indicated the presence of a penicillin-resistant "Staphylococcus capital subspecies". According to the drug susceptibility results, the antibiotic treatment was changed to "Vancomycin injection 500000 U q6h" intravenous infusion for anti-infection treatment. During this period, the patient's body temperature reached the normal levels. Vancomycin was used for 6 d, and the body temperature was maintained at the normal level for more than 3 d, after which the drug was stopped, and the patient was discharged from the hospital after relief was noted in the various symptoms. One day after being discharged from the hospital, the patient developed high fever again, with a maximum body temperature of 39.7 °C. The fever was also accompanied by chills, cough, and sputum, and the sputum was rather thick and difficult to cough up. There was no discomfort noted such as chest pain, and no limb twitching was found. During the physical examination, the patient’s pupils were sluggish in the light reflection, appeared confused, mentally soft, and could only communicate briefly, the muscle strength test could not cooperate, but voluntary activities were seen. The patient also suffered from diarrhea.

The patient was hospitalized in the emergency intensive care unit (ICU) and was given high-frequency oxygen inhalation. The patient was administered an anti-infective and anti-inflammatory treatment of piperacillin and tazobactam 4.5 g q8h intravenously and a 40 mg methylprednisolone injection. The patient still suffered from the repeated fever, and his body temperature was above 38.3 °C. Considering that atypical bacterial infections were not covered, he was also given an intravenous infusion of levofloxacin 0.5 g qd as an anti-infective treatment, and thereafter his body temperature returned to normal and his consciousness became clear. The patient's CRP dropped to 76.4 mmol/L and was thereafter transferred to the general ward of the Department of Respiratory Medicine for further treatment.

On the day of the transfer to the Department of Respiratory Medicine, atrial fibrillation occurred suddenly, and he displayed unresponsiveness, slurred speech, and shortness of breath under nasal cannula oxygen inhalation. Upon physical examination, the patient displayed slow light reflexes, stiff neck, increased muscle tone, and wet rales in both lungs.

The patient’s condition was critically severe, with repeated fever with the body temperature fluctuating around 38.7 °C and sudden blood pressure drops, as well as signs of septic shock. Hence, active rehydration and a norepinephrine micropump was used to maintain blood pressure. For the bacterial encephalitis, antibiotics were adjusted to 1 million units of vancomycin injection q12h combined with meropenem injection 1.0 g q8h and he was again transferred to ICU for the continuous treatment. At the same time, the methylprednisolone was first reduced to 20 mg and thereafter it was completely stopped. However, in the early morning of the 6th day after returning to the ICU, the patient suddenly became unconscious, the base of the tongue fell back, and he suffered from shortness of breath, stiff neck, and tremor of the limbs, and his heart rate dropped to 40 beats per minute. The patient's trachea was observed to be intubated, and breathing was assisted by a ventilator. After this, the patient's condition continued to deteriorate rapidly, with symptoms of repeated high fever, septic shock, and multiple organ failure, accompanied by a gradual decrease in consciousness. The patient was given active fluid resuscitation, administered norepinephrine injection to maintain the blood pressure, and was subjected to the tracheal intubation combined with ventilator-assisted ventilation.

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

The patient condition did not improve significantly, and his family decided to discontinue the further treatment.

DISCUSSION

L. monocytogenes exist as short, facultative anaerobic, non-spore forming, catalyst-positive, oxidase-negative gram-positive bacilli, and are often found to be arranged in pairs[4,9]. The Listeria genus, includes several species including Listeria gastronomy, Listeria innocuous, Listeria escherichia, L. monocytogenes, Listeria weisei, and Listeria moere. Among them, only L. monocytogenes has been reported to be significantly pathogenic to the humans[4,10]. Listeria is an important food-borne disease[4,11], which can result invasive ailment in the humans and animals, especially causing serious central nervous system infections[9,12]. It primarily causes gastroenteritis in healthy people, while it can also lead to a serious and life-threatening infections in newborns, the elderly, pregnant women, and especially those suffering with cellular immune deficiency[11,13]. For instance, Mylonakis et al[14] investigated 41 different cases of Listeria meningitis (except in newborns or during pregnancy). They reported that the various predisposing factors were as following: 24% of malignant tumors, 21% of transplantation, 13% of alcoholism and liver function insufficiency, 11% of immunosuppressive therapy/steroid use, 8% of diabetes, 7% of HIV and AIDS, and for remaining 36% the exact risk factors could not be determined[15]. We have summarized the details of various patients with intracranial infection caused by Listeria infection in the past 3 years, and found that most of them were immunodeficient patients, and several of them had a history of intake of oral hormones or immunosuppressants (Table 1).

Table 1 The various cases of meningitis and brain abscess caused by Listeria infection in adults in the past 3 years.
Ref.
Patient, age, sex (M/F), basic illness
Specific antibiotic treatment for Listeria
Complications
Outcome
Zhang et al[21], 2021, China64 yr, F, nephrotic syndrome, membranous nephropathy Ampicillin combined with meropenemNoneRecovered
Zhang et al[22], 2021, China53 yr, F, SLEAmpicillin and TMP-SMX, meropenem NoneDischarged
Tecellioglu et al[23], 2019, Turkey44 yr, F, MSImipenem and linezolidShunt surgeryHastetraparesisDischarged
Cipriani et al[24], 2022, Germany69 yr, homeless, type 2 diabetesA guided stereotactic aspiration and antibiotic therapy with ampicillin and gentamicin Alight gait disorderDischarged
Zhao et al[25], 2021, China68 yr, MMeropenem and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole NoneRecovered
Cao et al[26], 2021, China50 yr, MAmpicillin, amikacin, and meropenem Intermittent mechanical ventilationDischarged
Zhang et al[27], 2021, China64 yr, M, tuberculosis and TIAPiperacillinNoneDischarged
Lan et al[28], 2020, China66 yr, FAmpicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazoleNoneDischarged
Li et al[29], 2019, China37 yr, MVancomycin, meropenem, emergent surgery to insert a ventricular drainage tube Progressed rapidly Died
Ullah et al[18], 2021, United States64 yr, MNot describedRapidly deteriorated Died
Pereira et al[30], 2020, Brasil29 yr, F, SLECeftriaxone, vancomycin and acyclovir Persisted in a comatose state and developed multiple organ failure, nosocomial bloodstream infection Died
Asaeda et al[31], 2021, Japan 53 yr, M, moderate ulcerative colitisIntravenous meropenem and ampicillinNoneDischarged
Nakamura et al[32], 2020, Japan64 yr, F, relapsed and refractory FL Meropenem NoneDischarged
Morimoto et al[33], 2021, Japan41 yr, F, SLE, pregnancy Ampicillin NoneRecovered
Mahesh et al[34], 2020, India64 yr, M, ulcerative colitis Intravenous ampicillin, ceftriaxone NoneRecovered
Schutte et al[35], 2019, South Africa60 yr, MAmpicillin and gentamicin for 3 wk Psychotic episodes Discharged
Schutte et al[35], 2019, South Africa55 yr, M, HIVAmpicillin and gentamicin for 3 wkNoneDischarged

Invasive L. monocytogenes infection usually manifests itself as bacteremia, accompanied with or without obvious foci of infection, as well as a central nervous system infection, including meningitis, meningoencephalitis, brainstem encephalitis (rhomboid encephalitis), and brain abscess[3,4,8,9]. It has been reported in the literature that monocytogenes is the third most common cause of bacterial meningitis in the elderly, after Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis[14,16]. L. monocytogenes can potentially invade the central nervous system through at least three distinct mechanisms, including: (1) transport through the blood-brain or blood-vessel barrier in the parasitic white blood cells; (2) extracellular blood-derived bacteria can directly invade endothelial cells; or (3) retrograde (centripetal) migration through the brain axons into the brain[4,9]. Monocytic encephalitis is a typical biphasic disease that initially starts with prodromal symptoms lasting 4 d to 5 d, and then can suddenly display various neurological symptoms, including asymmetric cranial nerve palsy, and cerebellum and long fascicular signs[3,8,17]. The typical manifestations of patients include fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, meningeal irritation, ataxia, etc[3,8,17]. Encephalitis is rare and can serve as a focal infection of the cerebral cortex, or it can potentially progress to a brain abscess. The patient showed changes in the consciousness or cognitive dysfunction. The CSF of the patient displayed an increase of 75% of multinucleated cells, consisting mainly of the neutrophils, but monocytes can also be seen[8,9,18]. In addition, about 40% of patients suffering from intracranial infection can display respiratory failure. At this time, the fatality rate is often high, and serious sequelae have been observed. Brain abscesses account for 10% of the central infections. Spinal cord infections are rarely observed in patients[8,9].

During the diagnosis of Listeria monocytic meningoencephalitis (LMM), the positive rate of the blood and cerebrospinal fluid culture is often low due to the intervention of antibiotics[12,17]. In addition, the symptoms and signs of patients with monocytogenes meningitis have been found to be similar to those of the general population of community-acquired bacterial meningitis; however, the prodromal period is relatively longer, the pre-disease symptoms are not typical, and it is often easy to miss the exact diagnosis in the early stage. According to previously reported studies, LMM is sensitive to most antibiotics, including penicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, vancomycin, meropenem, linezolid, levofloxacin, erythromycin, tetracycline, and rifampicin. It is only resistant to fosfomycin and daptomycin, so the selection of the correct antibiotics does not seem to be a difficult choice[4,8,12,19]. However, in actual clinical practice, antibiotic treatment is not often observed to be effective, especially when combined with central nervous system infections, which can lead to an increase in the mortality rate to approximately 25%-30%[4,20]. This might be related to Listeria's ability to effectively invade the host cells and proliferate (such as macrophages, hepatocytes, and neurons) to facilitate an escape from the cytotoxic actions of antibiotics. The prodromal period of Listeria meningitis is often longer, and the exacerbation of the meningitis symptoms can occur after the initial improvement of the patient’s systemic symptoms, thereby leading to a significant delay in the diagnosis of meningitis, which may also be the reason for the higher mortality of patients with meningitis[19]. Therefore, an early identification of Listeria infections, especially the central infections, maybe more important than the choice of antibiotics used for the therapy. Moreover, after the analysis of the various cases of intracranial infection caused by L. monocytogenes in the past 3 years, we have found that most of the patients had neuropsychiatric symptoms of varying degrees at the time of onset of the disease, and most of them were seriously ill and even required respiratory support in the intensive care unit or during operation. With timely, combination and long-term treatment of the various sensitive antibiotics, some patients could recover and were discharged, but the condition of a certain proportion of patients eventually deteriorated and they ultimately died or were left neuropsychiatric sequelae (Table 1)[18,21-35].

In summary, combined with the analysis of this treatment failure case, we have summarized the following experiences and lessons: (1) Early symptoms of Listeria meningitis might be concealed or mild, but proper attention should be paid to careful identification and cerebrospinal fluid examination as soon as possible; (2) meningitis symptoms can suddenly aggravate even after the clinical symptoms show improvement following the treatment; (3) upon retrospective analysis of the patient's first chest CT (Figure 2A and B), scattered nodules were seen in the pleura and under the pleura. At that time, it was necessary to consider the possibility of the blood-borne disseminated lesions. Moreover, in the second reexamination of chest CT (Figure 2C-E), it was found that the number of nodules had increased significantly and developed into patchy shadows, which increased the possibility of blood infection. At that time, multiple blood cultures could have been very important for exact diagnosis; (4) it may be necessary for patients with positive blood cultures to undergo cerebrospinal fluid examination simultaneously; (5) as the background bacterial interference of the cerebrospinal fluid is rather low, metagenomics next-generation sequencing (mNGS) can be used as a highly sensitive and effective method. Therefore, it can be very useful to accurately detect the etiology of cerebrospinal fluid by mNGS; and (6) early identification, adequate, and the relatively long course of treatment might be the key to significantly improve the cure rate of patients with Listeria infection.

CONCLUSION

For elderly patients, and especially those with immunocompromised conditions who have sepsis or meningoencephalitis, it is necessary to be highly vigilant against the possibility of acquiring a Listeria infection. During the disease, the patient’s history related to consuming an unclean diet should be verified to confirm the exact diagnosis as soon as possible. Adequate treatment with the various sensitive antibiotics is a key factor affecting the prognosis of the disease. In addition, mNGS can potentially serve as a timely and effective detection method to facilitate an early management of the disease.

Footnotes

Provenance and peer review: Unsolicited article; Externally peer reviewed.

Peer-review model: Single blind

Specialty type: Microbiology

Country/Territory of origin: China

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P-Reviewer: Keikha M, Iran; Rodrigues AT, Brazil S-Editor: Gong ZM L-Editor: Filipodia P-Editor: Gong ZM

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