Efficacy evaluation of True Lift®, a nonsurgical facial ligament retightening injection technique: Two case reports

Abstract

BACKGROUND

With aging, four major facial retaining ligaments become elongated, leading to facial sagging and wrinkling. Even though synthetic fillers are popular, however, it cannot address the problems of soft tissue descent alone, and injection of these fillers requires knowledge of the injection technique including the selection of injection sites, the amount of filler, and the dosage used per injection site.

CASE SUMMARY

This report aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of a nonsurgical retightening technique to lift and tighten the true ligaments of the face, to improve age-related skin sagging and wrinkling. We objectively quantified the aesthetic lifting effect of a nonsurgical facial retightening procedure that strategically injected high G’ fillers into the base of the true retaining ligaments of the face in two female patients. Facial images were recorded with a three-dimensional facial imaging system for comparison of the clinical outcome. The primary efficacy outcome was the change in facial anthropometric measurements obtained prior to and after injection. The patients were followed for 6 mo after the procedure. Skin retightening was observed, with an evident lift in the orbital, zygomatic, and mandibular regions, and the lifting effect was still observable at the 6-mo follow-up. Few mild adverse events, such as mild-to-moderate pain, tenderness, and itching, occurred during the 1st week after the procedure. No adverse events were reported 1 mo post-procedure.

CONCLUSION

The results of this study demonstrated that our nonsurgical retightening procedure with strategically placed high G’ fillers achieved quantifiable aesthetic improvements in the orbital, zygomatic, and mandibular regions of two patients. Future research with a larger sample could provide a more in-depth evaluation and validation of the aesthetic improvements observed in this study.

Key Words: 3D photogrammetry, Facial retightening, Facial retaining ligament, Cosmetic techniques, True Lift^®; Restylane^®; Lyft Lidocaine, Anesthetics, Case report

Core Tip: We objectively quantified the aesthetic lifting effect using facial anthropometric measurements. Our results showed direct retightening of the true retaining ligaments by strategically planned high G’ fillers to the base of the ligaments achieved immediate lifting effect.

INTRODUCTION

Four major true facial retaining ligaments suspend the superficial muscular aponeurotic system (SMAS) of the face[1]. With aging, elongation of these true ligaments results in facial skin sagging and wrinkling. Recent advances in synthetic fillers, including non-animal stabilized hyaluronic acid, have gained popularity in noninvasive facial lifting and volume restoration procedures[2]. However, volume restoration using fillers alone does not address the problems of soft tissue descent. In addition, administering non-animal stabilized hyaluronic acid as a filler requires experience with this technique, and a satisfactory aesthetic outcome requires precise selection of the injection site as well as knowledge of the injection technique, the amount of filler, and the dosage used per injection site[3].

We have previously published an article describing a novel nonsurgical facial retightening procedure using the True Lift^® technique with strategically planned 5-point injections of fillers at the base of facial true retaining ligaments. This resulted in direct tightening of ligaments and indirect lifting of the SMAS layer[4]. In this study, we objectively quantified the aesthetic lifting effect of this facial retightening technique 3 mo and 6 mo after the procedure, using a three-dimensional (3D) photogrammetric facial imaging system (Morpheus 3D^® scanner, Morpheus Co., Ltd, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of South Korea)[5].

CASE PRESENTATION

Chief complaints

Two female participants visited our clinic for esthetic improvement of skin firmness.

History of present illness

No concurrent esthetic procedure was given during the study.

History of past illness

They both had prior histories of receiving facial dermatologic procedures for esthetic purposes.

Personal and family history

They were 28 years and 29 years of age at the time of the procedure and were healthy with no medical conditions. The esthetic procedures were performed in January 2018.

Imaging examinations

Three-dimensional facial images were taken with a commercial 3D scanner (Morpheus 3D Scanner^®, Morpheus Co., Ltd., Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea)[5]. An LED white light was used as the light source in the imaging unit, and the entire scanning procedure took approximately 0.8 sec. The patients were seated with the head in a natural position and with the lips slightly closed. For each subject, 3 images were taken from 3 different horizontal angles (from the front, right, and left sides at a 45-degree angle). These images were then merged into a single 3D facial image.

TREATMENT

Procedure

Both subjects were treated in the same manner. Five injections were made to each side of the face. These injection points are illustrated in Supplementary Figure 1. A total of 1 mL of high G’ filler (Restylane^® Lyft Lidocaine, Galderma Laboratories, L.P., Fort Worth, TX, United States) was used on each side of the individual’s face, and the exact amount allocated to each injection site was standardized. High G’ filler was injected with a sharp needle to ensure accurate placement to the base of 5 ligaments (Supplementary Figure 1). Fixed doses were administered to the following ligaments: (1) The orbital retaining ligament, 0.1 mL (point 1); (2) The zygomatic retaining ligament, 0.2 mL (points 2 and 3); (3) The buccal-maxillary retaining ligament, 0.4 mL (point 4); and (4) The mandibular retaining ligament, 0.1 mL (point 5). The detailed technique is described by Huang et al[4].

Briefly, the injection technique for the orbital retaining ligament (point 1) and the zygomatic retaining ligaments (points 2 and 3) involves elevating the skin and soft tissues at these points to expose the base of the ligaments. The filler is then injected perpendicularly to the periosteum using a sharp needle to ensure accurate placement at the base of the ligaments. Injection of the buccal-maxillary retaining ligament (point 4) does not require any additional elevation of the skin and soft tissues in this region. The filler is placed at the base of the buccal-maxillary retaining ligament with a needle at a 45-degree angle to the canine fossa. Injection of the mandibular retaining ligament (point 5) is similar to injection at point 4. The bolus injection is placed at the base of this ligament, just medial to the Marionette lines near the base of the mandibular border.

Three-dimensional photogrammetric analysis

Before and after comparison of the 3D facial images taken with the commercial 3D scanner were performed using superimposition evaluation. Measurements taken between each facial landmark were then made on 3D facial images using the Morpheus 3D “line-length” tool, which enables measurements of the direct distance between two points. Photogrammetric analysis was performed by a single trained operator.

Outcome definitions

The primary outcome was the change in facial anthropometric measurements, based on the images taken with the 3D facial imaging system. After a baseline measurement (T0), the measurements were made at 3 time points after the injections: immediately after the procedure (T1); at 3 mo (T2); and at 6 mo (T3). Then, the facial anthropometric measurements representing improvements in the orbital, zygomatic, and mandibular regions were determined. The secondary outcome was any self-reported post-injection adverse event (AE), which were recorded after each return visit (V) for 14 consecutive days: V1 at 14 d; V2 at 1 mo; V3 at 3 mo; and V4 at 6 mo post-treatment.

Retightening in the orbital region was defined by the angle formed between landmarks endocanthion, pupil, and exocanthion. Retightening in the zygomatic region (mid-face) was defined by the angle formed by tragion (Tg)-zygion-ala. Retightening in the mandibular region was defined by measuring the distance between soft tissue gonion (Go’) and soft tissue menton. The reference for the mid-face was defined by the angle formed between landmarks otobasion superius-otobasion inferius–Tg. The reference for the lower face was defined by the distance between landmark Tg to soft tissue Go’. These landmarks are illustrated in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Illustrations of Morpheus three-dimensional camera measurements, showing facial landmarks used for Morpheus 3D Superimposition. A: Angle formed by exocanthion-pupil-endocanthion for improvement in the orbital region; B: Angle formed by tragion-zygion-ala for improvement in the zygomatic region (right), using the angle formed by otobasion superius-otobasion inferius-tragion as reference; C: Distance between soft tissue gonion and soft tissue menton for improvements in the mandibular region (left), using the distance between tragion and soft tissue gonion as reference. Al: Ala; En: Endocanthion; Ex: Exocanthion; Go’: Soft tissue gonion; Me’: Soft tissue menton; Obi: Otobasion inferius; Obs: Otobasion superius; P: Pupil; Tg: Tragion; Zy: Zygion.

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

Treatment outcomes

In both patients, the angle formed by exocanthion-pupil-endocanthion increased immediately after the procedure (T1) compared to the angle at baseline (T0). This represented retightening of the orbital retaining ligaments, and the increase in the angle was still evident at the final follow-up visit 6 mo post-injection (Table 1). The angle formed by Tg-zygion-ala decreased immediately after the procedure, and lasted until the final observation point in both cases, demonstrating the lifting effects in the zygomatic region (Table 1). The distance between Go’ and soft tissue menton was substantially shortened, demonstrating retightening in the mandibular retaining ligaments, and these improvements lasted for at least 6 mo (Table 1). In contrast, the reference angle (otobasion superius-otobasion inferius-Tg) and distance (Tg-Go’) used in the mid- and lower face, respectively, were unchanged by the treatment procedure. Representative photographs of changes in the patients’ facial contours before and after the procedure are shown in Figure 2. Post-injection AE, including mild-to-moderate bruising, pain, tenderness, and itching, were reported in both subjects during the 1^st week after the procedure. No other AEs of any grades were noted 1 mo later or in any later follow-up visits (Supplementary Table 2).

Figure 2 Representative photographs showing the effects of nonsurgical facial retightening procedure (True Lift^®) with high G’ filler (Restylane^® Lyft Lidocaine) on overall changes of the facial firmness at 3-mo and 6-mo post-injection. Case patient: 29-years-old.

Table 1 Morpheus 3D camera measurements demonstrating procedural effects on the orbital, zygomatic, and mandibular retaining ligaments.

		T0 (baseline)	T1	T2	T3	Change in angle
			(post tx)	(3 mo)	(6 mo)	T0 to T1	T0 to T2	T0 to T3
Orbital ligament
Ex-P-En angle in degrees
Right eye	Case 1	140.5	149.4	148.8	147.9	8.9	8.3	7.4
	Case 2	140.0	145.3	144.7	146.7	5.3	4.7	6.7
Left eye	Case 1	143.3	150.2	150.1	149.1	6.9	6.8	5.8
	Case 2	143.3	147.4	146.0	148.0	4.1	2.7	4.7
Zygomatic ligament
Tg-Zy-Al angle in degrees
Right cheek	Case 1	122.1	109.9	113.4	115.6	-12.2	-8.7	-6.5
	Case 2	122.1	111.1	111.7	112.4	-11.0	-10.4	-9.7
Left cheek	Case 1	116.3	110.1	111.8	112.5	-6.2	-4.5	-3.8
	Case 2	128.9	120.6	121.1	123.6	-8.3	-7.8	-5.3
Obs-Obi-Tg angle in degrees
Right ear	Case 1	39.6	39.6	39.6	39.6	0	0	0
	Case 2	45.6	45.6	45.6	45.6	0	0	0
Left ear	Case 1	47.7	47.7	47.7	47.7	0	0	0
	Case 2	47.7	47.7	47.7	47.7	0	0	0
Mandibular retaining ligament
Go’-Me’ curved distance in mm
Right cheek	Case 1	110.0	103.5	104.7	106.1	-6.5	-5.3	-3.9
	Case 2	110.0	103.5	104.2	104.9	-6.5	-5.8	-5.1
Left cheek	Case 1	108.3	101.2	103.2	104.8	-7.1	-5.1	-3.5
	Case 2	105.9	99.8	100.8	101.7	-6.1	-5.1	-4.2
Tg-Go’ curved distance in mm
Right ear	Case 1	49.8	49.8	49.8	49.8	0	0	0
	Case 2	49.8	49.8	49.8	49.8	0	0	0
Left ear	Case 1	50.8	50.8	50.8	50.8	0	0	0
	Case 2	61.9	61.9	61.9	6.19	0	0	0

Al: Ala; En: Endocanthion; Ex: Exocanthion; Go’: Soft tissue gonion; Me’: Soft tissue menton; Obi: Otobasion inferius; Obs: Otobasion superius; P: Pupil; Post Tx: Immediately post treatment; T: Time; Tg: Tragion; Zy: Zygion.

DISCUSSION

Results from this study illustrated visible and lasting aesthetic improvements in the orbital, zygomatic, and mandibular regions, which are major focuses when addressing SMAS sagging from facial aging[6]. As in previous reports[7], there was no AE suggesting hypersensitivity in our patients, and no AEs were reported 1 wk post-injection.

Facial aging is a multifactorial process, involving displacement of fat compartments, elongation of the facial ligaments, attenuation of the SMAS layer, loss of bony support, and thinning of subcutaneous and dermal tissues[4]. In the early stage of facial aging, elongation of the facial ligaments results in descent of the overlying tissues and hence sagging of the skin.

Our novel nonsurgical facial retightening procedure is aimed at addressing the structural descent of the soft tissues due to facial ligament laxity. This is accomplished by injecting high G’ filler at the base of the true retaining ligaments. Because this technique is based on retightening of the true retaining ligaments, it is suitable for improving facial laxity during the early aging process but is not suitable for mature patients at the later stages of the facial aging process. Instead, later in the aging process rejuvenation requires more than facial retightening, such as facial volume restoration or correction of bony support.

The success of this facial retightening procedure is dependent upon the precision of injections of high G’ fillers into the base of the true retaining ligaments. Therefore, a high level of skill, experience, and an excellent knowledge of facial anatomy are required to achieve optimum placement of the filler.

Limitations

Limitations of this study included the small sample size and the age of the participants. The two patients in this study were relatively young and likely to be in very early stages of facial aging, which may partly explain the observed improvements. The aesthetic improvements observed in our study should be validated with a larger sample size. In addition, the effectiveness of the procedure for patients with different stages of facial aging should also be investigated in the future.

CONCLUSION

This report demonstrated that application of a nonsurgical retightening procedure with use of a high G’ filler achieved quantifiable aesthetic improvements in the orbital, zygomatic, and mandibular regions in two female patients. Future research with a larger sample size could provide a more in-depth evaluation and could better substantiate the validity of the aesthetic improvements observed in this study.