Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for coronavirus disease 2019-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome: Report of two cases and review of the literature

Figure 1 Case 1 timeline. ECMO: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; MODS: Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome; MV: Mechanical ventilation; VV: Veno-venous.

Figure 2 Case 2 timeline. ECMO: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; MODS: Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome; MV: Mechanical ventilation; PCI: Percutaneous coronary intervention; VV: Veno-venous.

Figure 3 Chest X-rays before and after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in case 1. A: Day of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO); B: Day of weaning-off ECMO.

Figure 4 Chest X-rays before and after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in case 2. A: Day of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO); B: Day of weaning-off ECMO.

Figure 5  Chest computed tomography images of case 2.

Figure 6 Treatments and medications after admission in case 1. ECMO: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; CRRT: Continuous renal replacement therapy.

Figure 7 Laboratory test results during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in case 1. ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; CK: Creatine kinase; DBIL: Direct bilirubin; ECMO: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; FiO₂: Fraction of inspired oxygen; PaO₂: Partial pressure of oxygen; TBIL: Total bilirubin; VV: Veno-venous.

Figure 8 Treatments and medications after admission in case 2. CRRT: Continuous renal replacement therapy; ECMO: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Figure 9 Laboratory test results during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in case 2. BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; DBIL: Direct bilirubin; ECMO: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; FiO₂: Fraction of inspired oxygen; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; PaO₂: Partial pressure of oxygen; TBIL: Total bilirubin; VV: Veno-venous.

Figure 10  Chest computed tomography images of case 1.

Figure 11  Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 nucleic acid test results of case 1. ECMO: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction; VV: Veno-venous.

Figure 12  Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 nucleic acid test results of case 2. ECMO: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction; VV: Veno-venous; ICU: Intensive care unit.

Figure 13  Comparations of partial pressure of oxygen/fraction of inspired oxygen ratios of case 1 and case 2. ECMO: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; FiO₂: Fraction of inspired oxygen; PaO₂: Partial pressure of oxygen; VV: Veno-venous.