Role of autophagy in cholangiocarcinoma: Pathophysiology and implications for therapy

Figure 1 The autophagolysosome formation. Schematic representation of the pathways involved in the processes of induction/nucleation, elongation and final formation of the autophagolysosome. LC3: Light chain 3.

Figure 2 Effects of induction/inhibition on autophagy. A: Autophagic flow and sites of action of inducers/inhibitors; B: Protein expression of light chain 3 (LC3) measured with the conversion of LC3-I (cytosolic form) to LC3-II (membrane-bound conjugated form). LC3: Light chain 3; mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin.