COVID-19 infection and liver injury: Clinical features, biomarkers, potential mechanisms, treatment, and management challenges

Figure 1 Immune homeostasis is disrupted by psychological stress in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019. ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Serum aspartate aminotransferase; COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; CRP: C-reactive protein; SARS-CoV-2: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

Figure 2 The key role of antiviral drugs targeting coronavirus disease 2019 in liver dysfunction. COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; SARS-CoV-2: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

Figure 3 Severe inflammatory response, anoxia, drug-induced liver injury, direct cytotoxicity, and reactivation of pre-existing liver disease might be the etiologic mechanisms behind liver injury in coronavirus disease 2019 patients. Cyps; Cytochrome P450; SARS-CoV-2: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.