Clinical potentials of ginseng polysaccharide for treating gestational diabetes mellitus

Figure 1 Summary of the biological activities and effects of ginseng polysaccharide based on in vivo and in vitro experiments. Ginseng polysaccharide exerts antioxidant, immunostimulatory, antitumor, anticancer, antimalarial, and anti-influenza activities and enhances mitochondrial protection, gastrointestinal protection, and probiotic balance. It can also improve bodily functions. ATP: Adenosine triphosphate; CAT: Catalase; DRD1: Dopamine D1 receptor; ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase; FBG: Fasting blood glucose; GPS: Ginseng polysaccharide; IL: Interleukin; MDA: Malondialdehyde; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; NF-κB: Nuclear factor-κB; NO: Nitric oxide; NPY: Hypothalamic neuropeptide Y; POMC: Proopiomelanocortins; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; TNF-α: Tumour necrosis factor α.

Figure 2 Potential analysis and exploration of ginseng polysaccharide as an ideal antidiabetic drug and remedy for use in preventing and treating gestational diabetes mellitus. GPS: Ginseng polysaccharide; GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus. Copyright permission: The picture of pregnant woman was cited from the Rocketparent.com. The picture of ginseng was cited from the http://616pic.com/sucai/1pkid6dwz.html. All of these were complied with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license.