Causal associations between gastroesophageal reflux disease and essential hypertension: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study

Figure 1 Schematic representation of the bidirectional Mendelian randomization study on the causal relationship between gastroesophageal reflux disease and hypertension. A: Schematic diagram showing the design of the bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis; B: Flow chart of the MR analysis. MR: Mendelian randomization; GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease; SNPs: Single nucleotide polymorphism; MR-PRESSO: MR-Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier; BE: Barret's esophagus.

Figure 2 Scatter plots for the causal association between gastroesophageal reflux disease and hypertension. A: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) on essential hypertension; B: Replication practice for GERD on essential hypertension; C: GERD on diastolic blood pressure; D: GERD on systolic blood pressure; E: GERD on hypertensive heart disease; F: GERD on hypertensive heart and/or renal disease. MR: Mendelian randomization; SNPs: Single nucleotide polymorphism.

Figure 3 Scatter plots for the causal association between Barret's esophagus and hypertension. A: Barret's esophagus (BE) on essential hypertension; B: Replication practice for BE on essential hypertension. MR: Mendelian randomization; SNPs: Single nucleotide polymorphism.

Figure 4 Scatter plots for the causal association between hypertension and Gastroesophageal reflux disease. A: Duplicate essential hypertension on Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD); B: Diastolic blood pressure and GERD; C: Systolic blood pressure and GERD. MR: Mendelian randomization; SNPs: Single nucleotide polymorphism.

Figure 5 Scatter plots for the causal association between hypertension and Barret's esophagus: Duplicate essential hypertension on Barret's esophagus. MR: Mendelian randomization; SNPs: Single nucleotide polymorphism.

Figure 6 Forest plot for the causal association between hypertension and Gastroesophageal reflux disease. GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Figure 7 Forest plot for the causal association between hypertension and Barret's esophagus. GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease.