Mendelian randomization provides evidence for a causal effect of serum insulin-like growth factor family concentration on risk of atrial fibrillation

Figure 1 Causal effect estimates of insulin-like growth factor family members on atrial fibrillation outcomes.

Figure 2 Detected associations between genetically predicted insulin-like growth factor family members and risk of atrial fibrillation in different genome-wide association study datasets.

Figure 3 Causal effect estimates of atrial fibrillation on insulin-like growth factor family members outcomes.

Figure 4 Associations between genetically predicted CYR61* and risk of atrial fibrillation in different genome-wide association study datasets. *CYR61: Cysteine rich angiogenic inducer 61; AF: Atrial fibrillation.